Neurobiology Exam 1

studied byStudied by 5 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Cellular Components

1 / 92

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

93 Terms

1

Cellular Components

Neurons and Glial cells in equivilent numbers (86 x 10^9)

New cards
2

Neural Circuits

Sensory systems bring in information (5 senses, internal environment), associational systems connect higher order functions, motor systems organize and generate movement

New cards
3

Purpose of alternative splicing variations?

As splicing increases, gene variation in expression increases passed the set 14,000 genes of the nervous system.

New cards
4

Reticular Theory by _____ was disproven by the Neuron Doctrine by _____________

Camillo Golgo, Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Charles Sherrington

New cards
5

All about neurons

Neurons are specialized to receive and transmit information, sometimes over long distances via action potentials. Dendrites receive information from other neurons via neurotransmitters. Axons conduct electrical impulses away from a neuron to release a neurotransmitter.

New cards
6

Axons can be one of two types…

Local circuit neurons (interneurons) with short axons or projection neurons with very long axons.

New cards
7

Convergence:

A neuron with a lot of dendrites and a lot of dendritic branching, receives more information from many different neurons.

New cards
8

Integration:

“Making sense of it all”, all of the inputs are summed and contribute to a single output from the axon

New cards
9

Divergence:

An axon may branch and diverge to connect to multiple other neurons (one signal to multiple targets)

New cards
10

Synaptic vesicles:

Membrane-bound structures that contain chemical neurotransmitters

New cards
11

Synaptic cleft:

Extracellular space between pre- and post-synaptic surface.

New cards
12

Myelin Sheath:

Insulating (lipid-rich) wrapping around axons. Comprised os Oligodendroctyes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

New cards
13

What is abundant in axon terminals?

Mitochondria to provide immense energy output at the terminal.

New cards
14

Nodes of Ranvier:

Patches of uninsulated axon

New cards
15

Microtubules are made of what?

Tubulin (fluoresces green)

New cards
16

What function do microtubules have in axons?

Motor proteins walk down the microtubules.

New cards
17

What does tau do?

(Fluoresces in red) Bundles the microtubules

New cards
18

What cytoskeletal element is made up of actin?

Microfilaments

New cards
19

What is the purpose of actin in growing tips of dendrites and axons?

Changing conformations

New cards
20

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ):

Synapse between a motor neuron’s axon and a muscle cell.

New cards
21

What neurotransmitter is often at NMJ?

Acetylcholine

New cards
22

Dystrophin:

An intracellular scaffolding protein that links receptors to actin cytoskeleton and localizes them to synapse.

New cards
23

Astrocytes:

Found in CNS, support cells through maintaining ionic and chemical environment for optimal neuronal function, form the blood brain barrier

New cards
24

Oligodendrocytes:

Wrap around axons, found in CNS, form the myelin sheath around CNS axons. Schwann cells are equivilent in the PNS

New cards
25

Microglia:

Brain’s macrophages, scavenger function, cleans up debris via phagocytosis, releases cytokines to regulate inflammation, can lead to an over-action if not regulated, leading to inflammation in the brain.

New cards
26

Types of neural circuits

Afferent (carries sensory information toward the brain or spinal cord), Local (Interneurons that convey information between different regions within the brain and spinal cord), and Efferent (carries motor information away from the brain or spinal cord to elicit a response)

New cards
27

Tracts:

Bundles of axons that connect distinct regions within the brain and/or spinal cord

New cards
28

Commissures:

Bundles of axons that connect neurons on one side of the brain to another

New cards
29

Columns:

Bundles of axons within the spinal cord that convey sensory info to the brain or motor info away from the brain.

New cards
30

Cortex:

A sheet of neuronal cell bodies arranged in layers of CNS.

New cards
31

Somatic Branch of PNS:

Under conscious control; controls skeletal muscle

New cards
32

Autonomic Branch of PNS:

Not under conscious control; controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Examples include the Parasympathetic (rest and digest), sympathetic (fight or flight), and enteric (gut motility and secretions) systems.

New cards
33

Resting membrane potential:

Ranges from -40 to -90, default conditions.

New cards
34

Events that change Vm:

Photoreceptors (light reception), Cilia on hair cells in cochlea (vibration reception), Olfactory receptors (odorants), Taste cells, mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors (vibration, pressure, and heat reception).

New cards
35

_____ ___________ responds to indentation of skin, opening stretch-gated Na+ channels, depolarizing the cell.

Pacinian corpuscle.

New cards
36

Neurotransmitters serve as _______ for post synaptic cells

Ligands, producing ligand-gated channels.

New cards
37

Ion flow changes across the post-synaptic membrane, and the resulting membrane potential is referred to as the __________

Synaptic potential

New cards
38

Receptor potentials and synaptic potentials are both considered what?

Generator potentials.

New cards
39

Shape of action potential:

Stimulation of stretch-gated or ligand-gated Na+ channels, reaches threshold, Na+ rushes in during rising phase, depolarizing the cell via voltage-gated Na+ channels, voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, repolarizing the cell, then begin to close, causing hyperpolarization.

New cards
40

Absolute refractory period:

When another action potential cannot be generated at the same spot of membrane (while reaching the peak of AP) due to the closing and locking of voltage gated NA+ channels.

New cards
41

Relative refractory period:

When it is less likely for an action potential to be generated at the same spot of membrane.

New cards
42

Saltatory Conduction:

AP moving in an “all or nothing” fashion, jumping from node to node.

New cards
43

Orthodromic conduction:

Normal AP, initiated at axon hillock and proceeds to axon terminal

New cards
44

Antidromic conduction:

Initiated at free sensory nerve endings and proceeds to the cell body (bypassing the cell body entirely)

New cards
45

Factors influencing rate of conduction

Diameter of axon (wider axons conduct faster), insulation (insulated axons conduct faster)

New cards
46

Patch clamp measurements:

Downward deflection indicate inward flow of ions (voltage-sensitive Na+ channel). Na+ opens quickly, but also closes quickly and lock shut till repolarization. Upward deflection indicate outward flow of ions (voltage-sensitive K+ channel). K+ channels open more slowly and remain open as long as cell is depolarized.

New cards
47

Simple bacterial K+ channel:

4 subunits, each subunit has 2 alpha-helical domains with span the membrane, inner helix forms wall of pore and outer helix interfaces with phospholipids. Helicies are connected toward outside of membrane by a hydrophilic pore loop, which dangles down into top of pore. All components make up a selectivity filter.

New cards
48

Mammalian voltage-gated K+ channel

Same as bacterial except with T1 domain and voltage sensors that stretch out to let ions out.

New cards
49

Voltage-gated Na+ channels;

No separate subunits, spans the membrane 24 times, , folded into 4 domains with 6 alpha helices each, contains 4 pore loops as a selectivity filter between S5 and S6, 4 voltage-sensing domains that open upon depolarization. Each S4 helix is depolarization sensor. Na+ channels twist to open gate.

New cards
50

Neurotransmitter ligand-gated ion channel:

Found on post synaptic sites (dendrites), binding to neurotransmitter released from pre-synaptic axon terminal, open to allow one or a few specific ions to cross. The glutamate receptor allows both Na+ and K+ to cross, but Na+ will cross because of an increased ionic driving force.

New cards
51

H+ ligand-gated ion channel:

Opens in response to increased acidity. Permeable to Na+

New cards
52

Ca2+ ligand-gated ion channel:

Opens in response to increased intracellular Ca2+, binding to neurotransmitter triggers Ca2+ to be released from stores. Ca2+ is the second messenger to neurotransmitters. This is a way to turn the cell off

New cards
53

Cyclic nucleotide ligand-gated ion channel:

Opens in response to increased intracellular cGMP or cAMP, binding to neurotransmitter to receptor triggers synthesis of cGMP or cAMP.

New cards
54

Active Ion Transporters:

Moves ions against their electrochemical gradient, which requires energy. The main examples are the Na+/K+ pump and the Ca2+ pump.

New cards
55

Sodium Potassium Pump Mechanism

Pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. ATP lets Na+ bind and K+ release, then ATP phosphorylation occurs to ADP, leaving Na+ bound. Pocket flips and releases Na+ and binds K+, then the pump dephosphorylates, leaving K+ bound. The addition of ATP flips the pocket and releases K+.

New cards
56

Calcium Pump Mechanism

Pumps 2 Ca2+ either out of cell via PMCA or into the ER via SERCA.

New cards
57

Types of synaptic transmissions

Electrical and Chemical synapses

New cards
58

Electrical synapses:

Occur via gap junctions physically attaching a terminal to a dendrite of another neuron, making this connection more rapid. Pores are called connexons comprised of 6 connexins.

New cards
59

Chemical synapses:

Communication via synaptic clefts transmitting neurotransmitters contained synaptic vesicles through exocytosis. Neurotransmitters bind to post-synaptic receptors to alter ion flow into the post-synaptic cell after reception.

New cards
60

Chemical Synapse mechanism:

An action potential causes a depolarization event, leading to an influx of Ca2+ into the cell via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which acts as a trigger to cause vesicles to fuse to the pre-synaptic membrane, releasing their neurotransmitters inside. The neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the post-synaptic membrane, opening/closing post-synaptic channels, which lead to either excitatory or inhibitory potentials. The neurotransmitter is removed by glial cell uptake or enzyme degradation.

New cards
61

Neurotransmitters have two broad classes…

Small neurotransmitters synthesized in the axon terminal with clear-core vesicles and neuropeptides synthesized in the cell body with dense-core vesicles.

New cards
62

NMJ Synapse transmission terms:

EPP: end plate potential (stimulation)

MEPP: Mini end plate potential (absence of stimulation)

New cards
63

Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels:

Present in high density of pre-synaptic terminal membrane, high density in active zones where clear-core vesicles dock. Open in response to depolarization when Na+ enters terminal from AP.

New cards
64

Vesicle Trafficking Cycle:

  • Synapsins: “binds vesicles together”, vesicular proteins that tether vesicles together in a reserve pool

  • CaMKII: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II

  • Ca2+ activates kinase to phosphorylate synapsins, which causes them to release vesicles from the reserve pool.

New cards
65

Docking:

Vesicles become tethered to plasma membrane via GTP-binding proteins and SNAREs

New cards
66

Priming:

Changes within vesicular and plasma membranes that prepare them for fusion.

New cards
67

SNAPs and SNAREs

  • SNAPs are soluble NSF attachment proteins that work together with NSF (an ATPase) to reorganize SNAREs

  • SNAREs are SNAP receptors. Two subgroups, vesicular (vSNAREs) and target (tSNAREs)

New cards
68

SNAP-25 function

SNAP-25 connects the vesicle to the plasma membrane by binding to both synaptobrevin and syntaxin

New cards
69

Types of post-synaptic receptors:

  1. Ionotropic Receptors: Contains an intrinsic ion channel (ligand-gated ion channel) where ligand is neurotransmitter

  2. Metatropic Receptors: Do not contain an intrinsic ion channel (G-protein coupled receptor with an effector protein) activating an intracellular signaling cascade that ultimately opens or closes an ion channel.

New cards
70

Excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters:

  • Excitatory neurotransmitters cause depolarization through an influx of Na+ or Ca2+, cause excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs).

  • Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization through an influx of Cl- or an efflux of K+, cause inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

New cards
71

Acetylcholine (ACh):

A small molecule neurotransmitter capable of excitatory or inhibitory responses. Excitatory at skeletal muscle NMJ and some CNS synapses, inhibitory at cardiac muscle and many CNS synapses.

New cards
72

Excitatory ACh binds to

Nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) at NMJ, Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR) at CNS synapses and some smooth muscle.

New cards
73

Inhibitory ACh binds to

Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChR) in cardiac muscle to slow heart contraction.

New cards
74

ACh synthesis:

Acetyl CoA reacts with choline catalyzed by Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

New cards
75

ACh loading into vesicles:

ACh binds to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) on vesicle membrane, vAChT exchanges ACh into vesicle for H+ out of vesicle with an anti-porter.

New cards
76

nAChR responce is ______, mAChR responce is ____

Excitatory

Inhibitory or excitatory

New cards
77

nAChR as a receptor:

  • Ionotropic receptor (has an intrinsic channel gated by ACh), at NMJ there are 5 subunits (2a, 1b, 1d, 1g/e), at CNS there are 5 subunits (3a, 2b). It takes two ACh to gate the channel. Non-selective, allows Na+ or K+ to cross, but Na+ has higher ionic driving force.

  • Also can bind to nicotine as an agonist (same effect on the receptor). Has the same stimulant properties when used as a drug.

  • a-bungarotoxin and curare are antagonists (inhibit normal function)

New cards
78

mAChR as a receptor:

  • Metatropic receptor (lacks an intrinsic channel, indirectly gates)

  • If inhibitory, causes hyperpolarization by opening K+ channels.

  • If excitatory, causes depolarization by opening Na+ channels.

  • 5 subtypes (M1-M5)

  • Also binds to muscarine as an agonist

  • Atropine is the antagonist that speeds up heart rate in bradycardia patients

New cards
79

ACh clearance from synapse:

AChE (acetylcholinesterase) degrades ACh into acetate and choline.

New cards
80

Choline reuptake:

Choline binds to ChT (Choline transporter) which co-transports choline along with Na+ into presynaptic terminal.

New cards
81

Glutamate (excitatory) synthesis

Gluta__mine__ is synthesized into gluta__mate__ via glutaminase, then packaged into vesicles via VGLUT (vesicular Glu transporter)

New cards
82

Clearance of Glutamate from cleft:

Glu is transported back into the presynaptic terminal or into glial cells via EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). In glial cells, Glutamate is converted back to Glutamine by glutamine synthetase and transported out of the cell via SN1 (system N transporter). Glutamine is transported into the presynaptic terminal by SAT2 (system A transporter 2).

New cards
83

Ionotropic Glu receptors:

  • AMPA R: Channel that allows the passage of Na+ and K+, opens quickly upon Glu binding, Na+ enters and depolarizes the postsynaptic cell.

  • NMDA R: Channel that allows the passage of Na+, K+, and Ca2+, ligand and voltage-gated, the postsynaptic cell must also be depolarized. Depolarization kicks out Mg2+ that was blocking the channel’s flow of ions.

New cards
84

Metatropic Glu receptors:

  • mGluR: Diverse group of receptors, 3 different classes, some excitatory and some inhibitory, unique dimeric GPCR’s.

New cards
85

Major inhibitory neurotransmitters:

GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) and Glycine

New cards
86

Synthesis of GABA:

Synthesized from Glutamate, catalyzed by GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) with pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor, packaged into vesicles via VIAAT (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter). GABA is inhibitory

New cards
87

Receptors of GABA:

GABAa is ionotropic with 5 subunits (2a, 2b, 1g), GABAb is metatropic with 2 subunits (GABAb1 and GABAb2)

New cards
88

Reuptake of GABA:

Removed by GAT (GABA transporter) which is a symporter with Na+ into glial cells of the synaptic terminal. GABA is either repackaged or broken down into succinate within the mitochondria.

New cards
89

Ionotropic GABA receptors:

Antagonists include anxiolytics, hypnotic sedatives, anesthetics, and ethanol. All produce a downing effect.

New cards
90

Synthesis of Glycine:

Synthesized from serine, catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase, packaged by VIAAT.

New cards
91

Functions of Glycine:

Gly is inhibitory and binds to ionotropic glycine receptors that contain an intrinsic channel specific for Cl-.

New cards
92

Reuptake of glycine:

Taken up by glial cells or presynaptic terminal by glycine transporter, which cotransports Na+

New cards
93

Tyrosine to dopamine:

Tyrosine is synthesized into DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), then synthesized into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase. Dopamine is loaded into vesicles by VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter), and taken up by glial cells or presynaptic terminal by DAT, degraded intracellularly by monoamine oxidase (MOA) or catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT).

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 28 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 31 people
... ago
5.0(2)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (255)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (56)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 24 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (72)
studied byStudied by 132 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (87)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (96)
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (485)
studied byStudied by 305 people
... ago
5.0(6)
robot