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What are the key beliefs and practices of Hinduism?
Key beliefs include dharma (duty), karma (action and consequence), samsara (cycle of rebirth), and moksha (liberation). Practices include rituals, meditation, and devotion to deities.
How is Hinduism connected to the caste system, and what is it?
A social hierarchy in India, traditionally linked to Hindu beliefs. It categorizes people into different groups (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) based on their karma and dharma.
What is the Rig Veda?
One of the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, consisting of hymns and philosophical teachings that form the foundation of Hindu beliefs.
What are the main beliefs of Confucianism as outlined in the Analects?
Key beliefs include the importance of filial piety, moral integrity, social harmony, and the cultivation of virtue through education and self-discipline.
What was the impact of Confucianism on China?
It influenced the civil service system, emphasizing merit-based appointments and the importance of education in governance.
What is the civil service system?
A system for selecting government officials based on merit, primarily through examinations, heavily influenced by Confucian ideals.
What was the impact of the spread of Islam?
It facilitated cultural exchange, trade, and the establishment of a vast empire that connected diverse regions.
How did knowledge transfer occur in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)?
It became a center for learning, where scholars translated and preserved ancient texts, fostering advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts.
What was the impact of trade on Southeast Asia?
Trade led to economic prosperity, cultural exchange, and the spread of religions, particularly Buddhism and Islam.
How did knowledge of monsoons (rainy periods, wind) affect Indian Ocean trade?
Understanding winds allowed for predictable sailing routes, enhancing trade efficiency and connectivity between regions.
What were some accomplishments of the Aztecs?
Architectural achievements (e.g., Tenochtitlán), agricultural innovations (chinampas), and a complex tribute system.
What is the Aztec tribute system?
A system where conquered peoples paid tribute in goods, labor, or resources, which supported their economy and military.
What is the Inca mita system?
A labor system where communities were required to provide labor for public works and agriculture, supporting the state.
What was the effect of trade in East and West Africa?
Trade led to the rise of powerful empires (e.g., Ghana, Mali, Songhay), cultural exchanges, and the spread of Islam.
What were the causes and effects of the Crusades?
Causes included religious fervor, territorial expansion, and economic gain. Effects included increased trade, cultural exchanges, and tensions between Christians and Muslims.
What were the causes and effects of the Black Death?
Causes included trade routes facilitating the spread of the plague. Effects included significant population decline, labor shortages, and social upheaval in Europe.
What are the main trade routes from c. 1200 - 1450?
Silk Roads, Indian Ocean sea lanes, and Trans-Saharan caravan routes connected empires and facilitated the exchange of goods like silk, spices, and gold.
What were the impacts of these trade routes?
They promoted cultural exchange, economic prosperity, and the spread of religions and technologies.
What were the causes and effects of the expansion of trade during this period?
Causes included demand for luxury goods and improved transportation. Effects included the rise of powerful trading cities and increased interregional interactions.
How did the Mongol Empire affect trade?
They enhanced trade by providing security along trade routes, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas across Eurasia.
What were the causes and effects of the Black Death?
Causes included the movement of people and goods along trade routes. Effects included widespread mortality, economic disruption, and changes in social structures.
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