Studied by 2 peopleSkeletal system =
Axial (80) and Appendicular (126)
Is there a difference between appendicular and axial bones?:
Appendicular bones enable movement, while the axial bones are more for protection, structure and support
The skeletal system is comprised of:
Bones, joints, and supporting tissues (Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage)
The main tissues found in bones are:
osseous tissue, dense regular connective tissue (in ligaments and tendons), dense irregular connective tissue (in periosteum), and bone marrow.
What is the function of bones?:
Mineral storage, fat storage, production of blood cells, maintain pH, protection and movement
Function of Long bones?:
movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production
Function of Short bones?:
Stability and support
Function of Sesamoid bones?:
Protects tendons and reduces friction
Sesamoid are found in:
All joints
The structure of bone is:
periosteum, perforating fibers, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, marrow cavity, and endosteum.
Periosteum is:
A thin, tough outer layer covering the bone.
Perforating fibers:
Fibers that attach the periosteum to the bone.
Diaphysis:
The middle, long part of a bone.
Epiphysis:
The rounded ends of a bone.
Articular cartilage:
Smooth tissue covering bone ends at joints.
Marrow cavity:
The hollow space inside the bone holding marrow.
Endosteum:
A thin layer lining the inside of the bone.
Bone structure - compact bone vs spongy bone:
Compact Bone: Dense, hard outer layer of bone that provides strength and support.
Spongy Bone: Lighter, porous inner layer of bone that absorbs shock and houses bone marrow.
What are episeal lines?:
are remnants of the growth plates
What are epiphyseal plates?:
Are growth plates
What is the structure of short and flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones?:
Covered in periosteum, diploe, and sinuses
*Why do some people need a bone marrow transplant?:
Healthy blood cells aren’t being produced enough
*What kind of complications can occur from a bone marrow transplantation?:
Infection and rejection
Extracellular matrix of bone:
Inorganic matrix (65% consisting of minerals)
Organic matrix (35% collagen fibers, osteoids, and usual ECM)
Why is calcium important for bones?:
It creates strength and hardness
Why are hydroxide salts important for the bones?:
they form hydroxyapatite, the mineral that makes bones strong and rigid.
The bone cells are:
Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteogenic cells (stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts)
Function of osteoclasts?:
Reabsorb bone, secretion of acid and enzymes
Function of osteoblasts?:
Bone deposition/bone creation
What are osteocytes?:
Mature cells in lacunae/retirement cells
Function of osteogenic cells?:
Differentiate into osteoblasts
Is lacunae a cavity?:
Yes
How do osteoclasts remove old or damaged bone?:
They use acid to remove inorganic matter, which allows enzymes to break down the bone
What is the structure of compact bone?:
Lamellae, central canal, lacunae, and canaliculi
Trabeculae:
Boney struts (designed to resist compact stress)
Trabeculae is found in which type of bone?:
Spongy bone
Define osteogenesis:
The formation of bone cells
Define ossification:
the formation of bone from cartilage
When and where does ossification begin?:
During embryonic period and continuous throughout adulthood. They begin in ossification centers
Explain the relationship between endochondral ossification and cartilage template:
Endochondral ossification is the process where bone forms from a cartilage template
Is endochondral ossification the most common form of bone formation?:
Yes
How does growth hormone work?:
secreted by the pituitary gland and communicates cell growth
What role does testosterone play in bone growth?:
Increases appositional growth, and increases the rate of mitosis
What role does estrogen play in bone growth?:
Inhibits osteoclasts, and accelerates closure of epiphyseal plate
*How does gigantism and acromegaly happen?:
Gigantism and acromegaly are caused by an overproduction of growth hormone, due to a pituitary gland tumor.
*What kinds of issues can occur?:
Organ Enlargement, nerve compression, and cardiovascular problems
*What causes osteoporosis?:
Bones become weak and brittle due to loss of bone density
*And what kinds of issues can occur?:
Fractures, pain and mobility loss
*How to prevent osteoporosis?:
Lifestyle changes, supplements, and medication
Explain what bone remodeling is:
Old bone being replaced with new bone
Is old bone removed using bone reabsorption?:
Yes
Calcium ions replace:
old and brittle bone with new bone
What role does parathyroid hormone play in blood calcium levels?:
PTH signals bones to release calcium into the bloodstream.
An increase in osteoblast activity and a decreased activity in osteoclasts results in:
Increased bone deposition
An increase in osteoclast activity and a decreased activity of osteoblasts results in:
Decreased bone deposition
Simple fracture vs Compound fracture:
Simple bone fracture does not pierce the skin, and a compound fracture protrudes out of the skin (ouch)
What is an epiphyseal plate fracture?:
Break in growth plate
What is a compression fracture?:
Breaking of cartilage
What is the definition of articulation?:
Where bones meet
What do articulations do?:
Allow movement, provide stability, and allow long bones to lengthen
What are the functional classifications based in motion?:
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
What is synarthrosis?:
joint that is immovable
What is amphiarthrosis?:
joint that allows limited movement
What is diarthrosis?:
joint that allows free movement
Dense regular collagenous CT is both:
Synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic
Structural classification of dense regular collagenous tissue:
fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
Cartilaginous joints perform what type of movement?:
synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic
What do synovial joints do?:
Allow plenty of movement and flexibility
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?:
suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis and symphysis
What is the function of synchondrosis?:
Stability and connect bones with hyaline cartilage
What is the function of symphysis?:
Slight movement and cushioning between bones. Found in vertebrae and the pubic bone
Where is cartilaginous tissue found?:
The ear, nose, trachea, intervertebral discs, and growth plates.
Articular Capsule:
Encloses and stabilizes the joint
Articular Cartilage:
Cushions and protects bone ends, reducing friction
Joint Cavity:
Contains synovial fluid, allowing for smooth, frictionless movement
Diarthrosis:
Refers to synovial joints that allow free movement, facilitating complex motion
What is the function of ligaments?:
Attach bone to bone
What is the function of function tendons?:
Attach muscle to bone
What is the function of bursae tendon sheaths?:
Reduce friction
*What is bursitis?:
Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by repetitive movement, pressure, or injury.
What are the two types of synovial joints you are supposed to focus on?:
Plane joint (gliding joint) and hinge joint
What does a plane/gliding joint do?:
gliding movements between flat bone surfaces.
What does a hinge joint do?:
flexion and extension (like a knee or elbow)
What does uniaxial mean?:
One direction
What is a specific plane/gliding joint?:
Spine
Skeletal muscle does not only contain muscle cells, it also contains:
Nerves and blood vessels
Explain endomysium:
A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber, providing structural support and insulating the fiber.
Explain fascicles:
Bundles of muscle fibers grouped together within a muscle, each surrounded by perimysium.
Explain perimysium:
A sheath of connective tissue that encases each fascicle, protecting and allowing nerve and blood vessel passage
Explain epimysium:
The outermost layer of connective tissue that wraps the entire muscle, providing protection and structural integrity.
Muscle cells are also referred to as:
Muscle fiber and a myocyte
What is a diaphragm?:
A large muscle found in the lower region of the lungs, it aids in coughing, vomiting and expelling waste
Sphincters are muscles found in the:
digestive tract
What are the muscle roles in movement? 4 Types:
Agonist (prime mover), antagonist, synergist, and fixator
Antagonist:
The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, allowing for controlled movement and balance.
Synergist:
A muscle that assists the agonist/prime mover by adding extra force or reducing unnecessary movement.
Fixator:
A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the agonist/prime mover, helping to anchor the joint and provide a stable base for movement.
What is a muscle insertion?:
what moves away
What is a muscle origin?:
what remains stable
Note 
Flashcard (42)