ati teas 7

teas exam science

pepsin

enzyme that breaks down protein into smaller peptides in stomach

genotype

genetic makeup and material, alleles/ variations

phenotype

“physical,” expresses the genotype

Stratum Corneum, top “crown” layer

dead keratinocytes

Stratum Lucidum

lipids, dead keratinocytes, palms, soles, digits

Stratum Granulosm

Lamellar Granules: Keratin and Keratohyalin

Stratum Spinosum

contains Keratinocytes and spiny bc Desmosomes and Langerhans cells

Desmosomes

interlock together to strengthen bonds, Strat Spin

Langerhans Cells

macrophages in the skin

Stratum Basale, “basement”

contains merkel cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes, basal cells, base layer

basal cell

cuboidal, produces new skin cells

melanocyte

pigmentation production

merkel cells

receptor, stimlatory response “touch”

roll of Na-K pumps

maintain osmotic balance

FF ff

homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive

gene linkage

genes on same chromosome are inherited together, ie: eye color

what do lipids form

membranes

complementary strand for DNA 3’ TGAATCGCA 5’

5’ ACTTAGCGT 3’, adenine+thymine, cytosine+guanine

cytoskeleton is made up of

protein filaments called microtubules

independent assortment

inheritance of one gene does not affect inheritance of another gene on a different chromosome

Ff

heterozygous 

meiosis results in

four daughter cells with half the amount of chromosomes of parent

how does CO2 leave the cell

diffusion, post cellular respiration

what allows molecules to enter cells

channels

gonads

balls and bussy!!

estrogen-F

proestrogen-F

androgen- M

estrogen and androgen, Gonads

estrogen is female development and reproductive maintenance, androgen (testosterone) is the male

proestrogen, ovaries

menstrual cycle, pregnancy

GH, anterior p

growth hormones in kids

PRL, anterior p

prolactin, targets mammory glands for milk production

TSH, anterior p

thyroid stimulating hormones, release of T4 and T3

FSH, anterior p

stimulates maturation of sperm and ova

follicle stimulating, gonadotropin

LH, anterior p

triggers ovulation or testosterone production in balls

lutenizing, gonadotropin

ACTH, anterior p

adrenocorticotropic

triggers release of cortisol from adrenal glands

hypothalamus

Fight, Flight, Feed, F#ck, producer

in charge of the regulation of hormones

ANS

pineal gland

releases melatonin, sleep/wake cycle

thyroid

releases T3, T4, calcitonin

T3, hella motion

increases metabolism, stimulates cellular function for regulation and growth

T4, lazy bum

involved in regulation, makes t3

calcitonin, thryoid

produced by C cells, inhibits osteoclasts which reduces blood calcium levels

PTH

increases blood calcium, stimulates osteoclasts, parathyroid

bone resorption

damaged and old bone is reabsorbed into the body, osteoclasts secrete enzymes to do so

thymus

produces thymosin which matures T-cells for immune response

anterior pituitary gland

APT L GFG, producer

growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress

cortisol

steroid stress hormone, increases blood glucose, suppresses inflammation, promotes fat storage

adrenal medulla

secretes catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, inner layer

epinephrine/adrenaline, Amedulla

stimulates cardiac output

norepinephrine, Amedulla

stimulates vasoconstriction, helps maintain blood pressure during stress

adrenal cortex

produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids, Acortex

steroid hormone, stress+inflamm response, glucogenesis, decreases glucose uptake in muscle+fat, insulin resistance

glucogenesis

creating glucose from noncarbohydrates, ie: amino acids, glycerol, lactate

lactose

disaccharide sugar from milk

lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose in glucose or galactose

mineralcorticoids, Acortex

steroid hormone, ie: aldosterone, sodium reabsorption: raises blood pressure, K+ excretion: lowers K+ in blood by pumping it out of blood

pancreas

insulin and glucagon production

posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic (ADH), oxytocin

storage and release site

diastolic pressure

BP in arteries during repolarization

oogenesis

formation of egg

what does the CNS consist of

made of brain and spinal chord, has interneurons

transverse plane

horiztontal, seperate superior and inferior

what is the PNS

Sensory and Motor, made of cranial, peripheral, and spinal nerves

somatic, sensory division (afferent)

touch, pressure, position, vibration, hearing, vision, equilibrium

visceral, sensory division (afferent)

stretch, pain, temp, chemical reactions, irritation, nausea, hunger, taste, smell

ANS, motor division (efferent)

sympathetic, parasympathetic, smooth + cardiac muscle, glands

somatic motor division (efferent)

skeletal muscle control

afferent pathways

towards the brain

efferent pathways

away from the brain

microglial cells

immune cell of CNS

astrocytes

blood brain barrier, exchange b/n neurons and capillaries, CNS

ependymal cells

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, CNS

satellite glial cell

cover soma in ganglia, PNS

schwann cell

make up myelin sheath, PNS

resting potential inside a cell is

negative, -70mV

resting potential outside a cell is

positive

potassium leak channels

allow K+ to diffuse down gradient, helps establish resting potential

calcium influx causes

a release of neurotransmitters

electrical synapse

cells are connected by gap junctions, cell to cell spread

chemical synapse

neurotransmitter is released from axon into synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on the next structure, slow

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

difference between schwann and oligodendrocytes

schwann cells can only myelinate one axon, oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple

outer layer of heart

epicardium, aka visceral pericardium

what is epicardium made of

mesothelial cells, adipose tissues, loose connective tissue, elastic fibers

what is myocardium

the thick, muscular middle layer of heart, made of muscle tissue

where is the endocardium

inner layer of heart, made of smooth muscle cells that line the valves and chambers

what is the S.A node

triggers atrial contraction, start impulse, pacemaker

what is the bachmann bundle

"interatrial" bundle, passes the conduction signal between the R and L atria

what is the A.V node

delays SA signal to allow for atrial depolarization and ventricle depolarization

what is the bundle of His

pathway b/n R+L heart, attach to R+L purkinje fibers

what do purkinje fibers do

initiate depolarization, connect w/ myocytes

centromere

area that connects chromosome to spindle fiber

what are myocytes

cells that make up muscle tissues

Atrial Septic Defect (ASD)

hole in interatrial septum allowing blood flow b/n atriums

DNA polymerase

enzyme that replicates DNA in chromosomes

where is thyroxine produced

thyroid gland

the thymus gland is involved with

immune response

what is appetite controlled by

stomach and small intestines

musculo-skeletal growth is influenced by

pituitary gland, hGh hormone

Peyer's Patches

GALT, found in small intestines, process orally ingested antigens, (gut-associated lymphatic tissue)

MALT

nasal area, mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue

Bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue

BALT