Some molecules require double bonds to complete octets.
Molecules that have equally probable structures are called resonance structures
In SO2, the rightmost oxygen can be double bonded to the sulfur or the leftmost oxygen. Both are equally likely to form
Bond Order /h3
AXE system: A is the central atom, X and E represent the number of bonding and nonbonding electron domains associated to A.
For molecules with NO nonbonding domains
AX to AX4 have all equidistant bonds.
For, AX5 the 120 is for the angle between the three equatorial bonds. is the angle between the axial and equatorial atoms
For AX6 the 90 is angle between all of the bonds
Finding the geometry of a central atom with no nonbonding regions is done by counting the atoms bonded to it.
Derived structures have nonbonding domains where a bonding domain would usually be. The result is the same basic structure.
Hybrid orbitals are a set of orbitals with identical properties formed from the combination of two or more different orbitals with different energies
Hybrid orbital models are used to show sigma bond formation
Above is the orbital diagram of carbon and the conversion of the s and p orbitals to the hybrid orbital sp^3.
sp^3 means on s and three p orbitals have been combined to a hybrid. p electrons are shown as being higher energy by the p being placed higher than the s.
CH2O has single bonds to hydrogen and a double bond to oxygen
Carbon dioxide has a double bond to each oxygen.