Chapter 4: Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and Structure

covalent bonds share electrons ____

equally

polar covalent bonds share electrons ____

unequally

nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons ____

unequally

octet rule

noble gas configuration is achieved if there are eight electrons around each atom

resonance structures

equally likely structures of a molecule

free radicals

unpaired electrons

formal charge

the valence electrons of an element minus the electrons allocated to it in the lewis structure

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons

dipole moments

the difference of electronegativity between two atoms in a covalent bond

symmetrical molecules are usually ____

nonpolar

asymmetrical molecules are usually ____

polar

bond order

the average amount of bonds that an atom can make

bonding domain

region where bonding occurs

nonbonding domain

region designated for lone pairs

derived structure

when a nonbonding pair is in a bonding region

valence electron theory

covalent bonds overlap orbitals where bonding occurs and the spin is opposite

molecular orbital theory

molecules are similar to atoms because the both have a charge and distinct energy levels where electrons are

sigma bond

single bond

sigma and pi bond

double bonds

sigma and two pi bonds

triple bond

hybrid orbitals

combination of two or more different orbitals with different energies