Chapter 1 - Oceanography History

Notes Complete Garrison Complete?

590 BC

Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa:

1500 - 500 BC

Arabian exploration of the Indian; Polynesian exploration of the Pacific:

“Thalassa”

Greek term for the Mediterranean, encircled by land, encircled by the endlessly flowing river “Oceanus”

Pytheas

recognized the relationship between the Moon and the tides

Ptolemy

produced the first world atlas and world boundaries; later led Europeans to be led astray in their geography

900

Vikings colonized Iceland by:

985

Vikings reached North America in:

Prince Henry of Portugal

established a center at Sagres, Portugal for the study of marine science and navigationk

1416

Prince Henry of Portugal established his navigational school in:

Bartolomeu Dias

circumnavigated Africa around the Cape of Good Hope

1487

Bartolomeu Dias circumnavigated Africa around the Cape of Good Hope in:

Christopher Columbus

made 4 Atlantic voyages believing the Americas to be Asia

Vasco da Gama

sailed from East Africa to India

1498

Vasco da Gama sailed from East Africa to India in:

1433

7 Chinese voyages exploring the Indian and Pacific under the Ming dynasty ended in:

Amerigo Vespucci

made several voyages to South America, entitling it the “New World”

1499 - 1504

Amerigo Vespucci made several voyages to South America, entitling it the “New World” in:

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

crossed the Panama Isthmus

1513

Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Panama Isthmus in:

Juan Ponce de León

discovered Florida and the Florida Current

1513

Juan Ponce de León discovered Florida and the Florida Current in:

Ferdinand Magellan

led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe

1519

Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe in:

Frobisher, Hudson, and Baffin

made unsuccessful attempts to cross the Northwest Passage in the 16th and 17th centuries

Francis Drake

completed a globe circumnavigation for England

1580

Francis Drake completed a globe circumnavigation for England in:

Johannes Kepler

Planetary discoveries are associated with:

Galileo Galilei

Mass, weight, and acceleration discoveries are associated with:

Sir Isaac Newton

wrote “Principia,” explaining the tides, among other things

1687

Sir Isaac Newton wrote “Principia,” explaining the tides in:

John Harrison

invented the chronometer for determining longitude at sea

1761

John Harrison invented the chronometer for determining longitude at sea in:

Chronometer

an instrument for measuring time, specially developed for marine navigation, used in conjunction with astronomical observation to determine longitude

Captain James Cook

famous British explorer partaking in 3 navigations in the Pacific

Cook’s Endeavor Expedition

charted the transit of Venus; globe circumnavigation; charting of New Zealand and Australian coasts

1768

Cook’s Endeavor Expedition took place in:

Cook’s Resolution/Adventure Expedition

charted the South Pacific, Antarctic Ocean, and many islands

1772

Cook’s Resolution/Adventure Expedition took place in:

Cook’s Resolution/Discovery Expedition

explored the South Pacific, charted Hawaii and the Northwestern American coast

1776

Cook’s Resolution/Discovery Expedition took place in:

Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger

created a chart of the Gulf Stream

1769

Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger created a chart of the Gulf Stream in:

Matthew Maury

created a systematic collection of oceanic data from ship logs and produced wind and ocean currents

1847

Matthew Maury created a systematic collection of oceanic data from ship logs and produced wind and ocean currents in:

“The Physical Geography of the Sea”

Matthew Maury’s work synthesizing wind and ocean currents

Father of Oceanography

Matthew Maury is considered the:

Charles Darwin

described, collected, and classified land and sea organisms, developed atoll formation theory, and evolutionary theory on his Beagle expedition

1831

Charles Darwin‘s Beagle expedition took place in:

Edward Forbes

took a survey of marine organisms around England and the Mediterranean, theorizing ocean depth zones

John Ross and James Ross

collected deep water samples in the Arctic and Antarctic

Christian Ehrenberg

found/theorized of plankton skeletons making up ocean floor sediment

Johannes Muller

continued Ehrenberg’s work, creating an even finer mesh collection net

Victor Hansen

published work coining the term “plankton”

Challenger Expedition

began under Wyville Thomson and assistant John Murray for scientific research

1872

The Challenger Expedition took place in:

Soundings at 361 stations, deep water samples, investigated deep-water motion, temperatures measurements, thousands of biological and bottom samples collected

Accomplishments of the Challenger Expedition

John Murray and William Dittmar

Challenger information and data was compiled and organized by:

Fram Expedition

Arctic expedition with a specialized craft built to withstand ice, under Fridtjof Nansen

1893

The Fram Expedition took place in:

Found that the Arctic was a deep ocean basin, took water/air temperatures, water chemistry measurements, and observations of plankton blooms

Accomplishments of the Fram Expedition:

Nansen Bottle

ocean sampling method which involves using a cylinder with hinges on both sides to open and collect water, a long cable to control desired depth of sampler, and a separate weight that uses a spring loaded mechanism to shut both sides of the cylinder

Lord Kelvin

developed a tide-predicting machine in 1872

Martin Knudson

Developed an accurate method for determining salinity

Meteor Expedition

German cruise, the first ship to use sonar technology

Voyaging

traveling (usually by sea) with a specific purpose

Oceanus

Latin form of okeanos, the Greek name for the "ocean river" past Gibraltar

Cartographer

a person who makes maps and charts

Chart

a map that depicts mostly water and the adjoining land areas

Library of Alexandria

the greatest collection of writings in the ancient world, founded in the 3rd century BC by Alexander the Great; could be considered the first university

Eratosthenes (of Cyrene)

Greek scholar and librarian at Alexandria who first calculated the circumference of the Earth about 230 BC

Celestial Navigation

the technique of finding one's position on Earth by reference to the apparent positions of stars, planets, the moon, and the sun

Latitude

regularly spaced imaginary lines on Earth's surface running parallel to the equator

Longitude

regularly spaced imaginary lines on Earth's surface running north and south and converging at the poles

Hipparchus

invented the grid of latitude and longitude and divides Earth’s surface into 360°

Polynesians

inhabitants of the Pacific islands that lie within a triangle formed by Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island

Polynesia

a large group of Pacific islands lying east of Melanesia and Micronesia and extending from the Hawaiian Islands south to New Zealand and east to Easter Island

Micronesia

a region of the western Pacific Ocean that consists of hundreds of islands, east of the Philippines

Melanesia

a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from New Guinea in the west to the Fiji Islands in the east

900-800 BC

Many Polynesian islands were settled between:

Bamboo stick charts

Oceania’s navigators used what tool to chart islands:

450 and 600

Hawaii was settled between:

Vikings

seafaring Scandinavian raiders who ravaged the coasts of Europe around AD 780-1070

United States Exploring Expedition

the first U.S. oceanographic research voyage, launched in 1838

Alfred Thayer Mahan

an American naval officer and historian, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History in 1892

TOPEX/Poseidon

joint French-U.S. satellite carrying radars that can determine the height of the sea surface with unprecedented accuracy; Other experiments in this five-year program included sensing water vapor over the ocean, determining the precise location of ocean currents, and determining wind speed and direction

Jason-1

a follow -on satellite mission to TOPEX/Poseidon

SEASTAR

satellite capable of measuring the distribution of chlorophyll at the ocean surface, a measure of marine productivity

Aqua

a NASA satellite designed to obtain data on Earth's water cycle

John Murray

considered the first geological oceanographer

Scurvy

because James Cook insisted upon cleanliness and ventilation, along with the sauerkraut and citrus extract, his sailors avoided _____ ,a vitamin C deficiency disease:

Charles Wilkes

charted Hawaii and scaled Mauna Loa

Chinese Nautical Inventions

compass, central rudder, multi mast sails, trapezoidal and triangular sails

With the addition of specially designed thermometers to Nansen bottles

Deepwater circulation couldn’t be studied until about 1910 when it became possible to identify individual water masses on the basis of their temperature and salinity characteristics; this could be accomplished:

Erik the Red (Erik Thorvaldsson)

sailed west from Iceland in 982 and discovered Greenland 

Hannu in 2750 BC

First recorded voyage of exploration:

Leif Eriksson

sailed to North America in 1002

13th century

Magnetic compass directions were added to maps in:

International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE)

The 1970s were declared the:

Glomar Challenger

the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) began to core and retrieve sea floor sediment and rock in 1968 using the drill ship

1720

The first hydrographic office was established in France as early as: