chap18

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid

aden/o

gland

adrenal/o

adrenal glands

andr/o

male

calc/o, calici/o

calcium

cortic/o

cortex, outer region

crin/o

secrete

dips/o

third

estr/o

female

gluc/o, glyc/o

sugar

gonad/o

sex glands (ovaries, testes)

home/o

sameness

hormon/o

hormone

kal/i

potassium (an electrolyte)

insulin/o

insulin

lact/o

milk

myx/o

mucus

natr/o

sodium (an electrolyte)

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland

phys/o

growing

pituitar/o

pituitary gland or hypophysis

somat/o

body

ster/o

solid structure

thyr/o

thyroid gland

thyroid/o

thyroid gland

toc/o

childbirth

toxic/o

poison

ur/o

urine

-agon

assemble, gather together

-emia

blood condition

-in, -ine

a substance

-tropin

stimulating the function of

-uria

urine condition

eu-

good, normal

hyper-

excessive, above

hypo-

deficient, below

oxy-

rapid, sharp, acid

pan-

all

tetra-

four

tri-

three

Hypersecretion

* Pheochromocytom

* Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
* Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
* Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms

**Hypersecretion**

* Hyperinsulinism

Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

Hyposecretion

* Diabetes mellitus:

* Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells


* Type 1 : childhood onset, typically can occur in adulthood
* Type 2 : adult onset, typically

Neoplasms

Thyroid carcinoma

Adrenal cortex hypersecretion conditions

- Adrenal virilism
- Cushing syndrome

Adrenal cortex hyposecretion conditions

- Addison disease

Adrenal medulla hypersecretion conditions

- Pheochromocytoma

Pancreas hyposecretion conditions

- Diabetes mellitus

Pancreas hypersecretion conditions

- Hyperinsulinism

Parathyroid glands hypersecretion conditions

- Hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stones)

Parathyroid glands hyposecretion conditions

- Hypoparathyroidism (tetany, hypocalcemia)

Pituitary–anterior lobe hypersecretion conditions

- Acromegaly
- Gigantism

Pituitary–anterior lobe hyposecretion conditions

* Dwarfism
* Panhypopituitarism

Pituitary–posterior lobe hypersecretion conditions

- Syndrome of inappropiate antidiuretic hormone

Pituitary– posterior lobe hyposecretion conditions

- Diabetes insipidus

Thyroid gland hypersecretion conditions

- Exophthalmic goiter (Graves disease, thyrotoxicosis)
- Nodular (adenomatous) goiter

Thyroid gland hyposecretion conditions

- Cretinism (children)
- Endemic goiter
- Myxedema (adults)

Calcitonin

stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream

**adrenal cortex**

* outer portion of gland
* Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol

\

**adrenal medulla**

* inner portion of gland
* Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males:


1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
2. estrodoil
3. oxytocin
4. prolactin

1. luteinizing hormone (LH)

4. **Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?**


1. Hyperkalemia
2. Hypocalcemia
3. Hypercalciuria
4. Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia