kin 312 final unlv

Which statement about learning styles is correct?

These is clear evidence that people differ in their learning styles

Some people are auditory learners, others are visual learners, etc. and these groups benefit from different instructional methods

There is no evidence that different learning styles exist

None of the above

There is no evidence that different learning styles exist

A generalized motor program ________________

Governs a class of movements

Controls movements automatically

Has relative timing and relative forces as invariant features

All of the above

All of the above

Movement parameters that can be easily be changed (and are represented in schemas) include __________

Absolute force

Muscle selection

Absolute timing

All of the above

All of the above

Retention tests ____________

Are used to assess the influence of different practice conditions on learning

Test all groups under identical conditions

Should be performed on the same day as the practice phase

A and B

A and B

Implicit learning ________

Is always less effective than explicit (conscious) learning

Can be more effective than explicit (conscious) learning

Has not been demonstrated in studies

Is more effective than observational learning

Can be more effective than explicit (conscious) learning

Explanations for the effects of blocked versus random practice include the ________

Guidance hypothesis

Reconstruction hypothesis

Elaboration hypothesis

B and C

B and C

Studies examining the contextual interference effect the demonstrated that ________

Blocked practice results in better learning that random practice

Random practice results in better learning than blocked practice

Random practice produces better practice performance than blocked practice

Blocked practice produces poorer practice performance than random practice

Random practice results in better learning than blocked practice

Variable error (VE) ____________

Indicates performance accuracy

Is a measure of performance variability

Is an overall error measure

Indicates whether a target overshot or undershot

Is a measure of performance variability

According to Adam's "closed-loop-theory __________

Variable practice is beneficial

Errors are helpful to learning

Errors should be avoided

A and B

Errors should be avoided

The independent variable ________________

Is the variable that the experimenter measures

Could be the accuracy in hitting the target

Is the variable that the experimenter manipulates

A and B

Is the variable that the experimenter manipulates

Self-modeling ___________

Refers to video feedback that show only a learner's best performance

Has been found to be more effective for learning than video feedback about actual performance

Enhances learners' motivation

All of the above

All of the above

Should learners be given choices?

Yes, but only if they are mature and experienced enough to make the right decisions

No, because they don't necessarily know what is good for them

Yes, because it increases their motivation and learning

No, because it would undermine the instructor's authority

Yes, because it increases their motivation and learning

The "guidance hypothesis" that explains effects of feedback was proposed by __________

Schmidt (1975)

Adams (1971)

Salmoni, Schmidt, & Walter (1984)

Fitts & Posner (1967)

Salmoni, Schmidt, & Walter (1984)

Learning, as opposed to performance, ____________

Can be influenced by various temporary factors

Is not directly observable

Reflects a relatively permanent in the capability to perform a motor skill

B and C

B and C

What are possible negative effects associated with too much feedback (KR/KP)?

It guides learners to goal movement

It enhances the capability to detect one's own errors

The learner becomes dependent on it

All of the above

The learner becomes dependent on it

What are the main predictions of Schmidt's (1975) schema theory?

Variable practice is more effective for parameter learning than constant practice

Constant practice facilitates transfer

Novel skill variations can be executed as accurately as those that have been practiced before

A and C

A and C

Giving learners (self-)control over the feedback schedule _________

Is detrimental to learning

Is beneficial for learning

Is neither detrimental nor beneficial

Slows down the learning process

Is beneficial for learning

Which type of feedback (KR/KP) has been shown to be beneficial for learning?

Concurrent feedback

A reduced feedback frequency

Is neither detrimental nor beneficial

Slows down the learning process

A reduced feedback frequency

Learning is measured by __________

Determining how different groups perform during practice

Retention or transfer test performance immediately after the practice phase

Retention or transfer test performance after a day or more

The rate of improvement from the beginning to end of practice

Retention or transfer test performance after a day or more

High, as opposed to low, contextual interference ___________

Is encountered if different tasks are practiced in a blocked order

Enhances learning

Enhances performance during practice

A and C

Enhances learning

According to the reconstruction hypothesis, ____________

Motor programs are forgotten between trials, and therefore need to be reconstructed in blocked practice

Motor programs are forgotten between trials, and therefore need to be reconstructed in random practice

Repeated motor program reconstructions degrade learning

Random practice results in a distinctive and elaborate memory representation

Motor programs are forgotten between trials, and therefore need to be reconstructed in random practice

Knowledge of performance

Is a source of intrinsic feedback

Provides information about the movement pattern

Provides information about the outcome of the movement

A and B

Provides information about the movement pattern

Which statement is correct?

An instructor should give a demonstration of the skill when she believes the learner needs it

Verbal instructions are often more effective than skill demonstrates

Letting learners request demonstrations benefits learning

Demonstrators are relatively ineffective

Letting learners request demonstrations benefits learning

Giving learners feedback after good trials ________

Is useless because they don't learn from it

Has been found to enhance learning

Should be avoided because it might reduce their motivation

None of the above

Has been found to enhance learning

Practice in dyads (pairs) ___________

Can be useful for learning because learners can observe each over

It may be more motivating than individual practice

Is distracting and therefore detrimental to learning

A and B

A and B

Balance learning can be enhanced __________

Only through practice

Focusing attention on standing still

Focusing attention on movements of the support surface (or markers on it)

Focusing attention on the movements of one's feet

Focusing attention on movements of the support surface (or markers on it)

The "guidance hypothesis" is an explanation for

Implicit learning

Observational learning

The function of feedback (KR,KP)

The contextual interference effect

The function of feedback (KR,KP)

Procedural memory ________

Is our memory for facts and events

Contains automated skills

Is a part of short-term memory

All of the above

Contains automated skills

Implicit learning of motor skills _________

Occurs without the intention to learn

Is demonstrated by greater improvements on repeated movement sequences compared with random sequences

Happens without awareness

All of the above

All of the above

Mirror neurons __________

Were first discovered in monkeys

Are motor neurons that are active during action and observation of that action

Are the basis for the contextual interference effect

A and B

A and B

Which statement is correct?

The view of abilities as stable, enduring traits that are genetically determined is largely outdated

Abilities reflect a certain talent that we are born with and that we have little control over

Genetically determined abilities the ultimate level of achievement

None of the above

The view of abilities as stable, enduring traits that are genetically determined is largely outdated

Choking under pressure ________

Can be caused by self-related attention

Can be caused by distracting thoughts

Does not happen to experienced performers

A and B

A and B

Feedback should ________

Direct the learner's attention to the movement effect (e.g., ball trajectory)

Make learners aware of their body movements

Induce an internal focus when dealing with novices

All of the above

All of the above

A high frequency of feedback (e.g., 100%)

Degrades learning when the feedback promotes an internal focus

Can enhance learning if the feedback induces external focus

Is always detrimental to learning

A and B

A and B

The constrained-action hypothesis refers to _____________

Contextual interference effect

Attentional focus effects

Feedback

Implicit learning

Attentional focus effects

According to the elaboration hypothesis __________

Motor programs are forgotten between trials, and therefore need to be reconstructed, in blocked practice

Motor programs are forgotten between trials, and therefore need to be reconstructed, in random practice

Random practice results in a distinctive and elaborate memory representation

Repeated motor program reconstructions degrade learning

Random practice results in a distinctive and elaborate memory representation

The cerebellum plays an important role in _________

The learning of new motor skills

The control of skilled (automatic) movements

Motor skills that require interaction with the environment

All of the above
OR

Balance AND the learning of motor skills

All of the above
OR

Balance AND the learning of motor skills

Declarative memory ___________

Is our memory for facts and events

Long term memory is able to hold _______ of information for ________

unlimited/unlimited

Neurons carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord or brain are called _____ neurons

Sensory or afferent

The portion of the neuron that carries outgoing messages

axon

myelin sheath

protective and speed

each neuron has _______ axon

one

These multiple branches of a neuron receive incoming information?

dendrites?

The resting potential of a neuron is

all the above

The __________ is a brief wave of electrical charge that sweeps down the axon of a neuron

action potential

Ambient visual system works at what level?

Works at an unconscious level

Psychological refractory period ?

Costs of anticipating correctly

Each neuron has _____ dendrites)

Numerous

Two

No more than 10

one

numerous

The short-term memory store is able to hold ____ of information for ________

1-3 items, 1-2 hours

An unlimited amount, less than 1 sec

5-9 items, 20-30 sec

An unlimited amount, 1-10 sec

5-9 items, 20-30 sec

A strategy for remembering information by putting bits of information into larger units is called

chunking

Retroactive interference ________

Plays a role in the recency part of the serial-position effect

Muscle spindles and joint receptors are

(almost positive) proprioceptors

The resting potential of a neuron is
is _____

about -70mv

The optimal arousal level for performance depends on the ________

Cognitive complexity of the task AND motor control requirements (fine vs gross)

Which practice methods have been shown to reduce forgetting?

Retrieval practice

Distributed practice

Contextual activity

All of the above

All of the above

Motor behavior has roots in _______

psychology

Skilled performance is characterized by _________

Accuracy

Consistency

Movement efficiency

All of the above

All of the above

These are parts of the visual system:

Cones, rods

Utricle, saccule

Semi-circular canals

B and C

Cones and rods

The stability of the environment is a defining characteristic of ______ skills

Discrete vs continuous

Open vs closed

Motor vs cognitive

Discrete vs closed

Open vs closed

The psychological refractory period is related to _______

Benefits of anticipating correctly

Having to react to a second stimulus

The action potential

The auditory system

Having to react to a second stimulus

Which memory systems are subject to forgetting?

all of them

Fitts and Posner (1967) termed the three stages of learning

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Ambient vision is conscious

Focal vision is conscious

Focal vision is negatively affected by decreasing illumination

All of the above

Ambient vision is conscious

According to Hick's Law, reaction time ______ by _______ as number of choices is doubled

decreases , about 200 msec

Increases, a nearly constant amount

Increases, about 400 msec

Decreases, a nearly constant amount

Increases, a nearly constant amount

Long-term memory (or experience affects the effectiveness of information processing in the _________ stage

stimulus identification

Response selection

Response programming
kinsey_richards

All of the above

not sure...response programming?

A motor unit _____________

Is a combination of muscles

Consists of a sensory neuron and receptor

Consists of a motor neuron and muscle fibers

None of the above

Consists of a motor neuron and muscle fibers

Monosynaptic reflexes ____________

Have a latency of about 30 ms

The vestibular system ____________
is an exteroceptor

Includes the semicicular canals, urticle, and saccule

Is sensitive to rotations of the head

B and C

B and C

Which statement is correct?

Declarative memory includes semantic and episodic memory

Running is a ____________ skill

continuous

How is muscle force controlled?

Frequency with which action potentials are discharged

Number of motor units activated

Synchronization of muscle fiber activation

All of the above

Number of motor units activated

These changes in motor control as individuals practice motor skills:

Reduced brain activation

Reduced muscle activity

Activation of different brain areas early versus later in learning

All of the above

All of the above

Neuroplasticity _______________-

Is a myth

Refers to the ability of the brain to change as a result of experience

Was discovered only in recent years

B and C almost positive its this one

B and C almost positive its this one

Closed loop control _________

Is used for fast, short-duration movements

Does not involve feedback

Is useful for slow, long-duration movements

A and B

Is useful for slow, long-duration movements

Long-loop (M2) reflexes

Have a latency of about 50-80ms

The ambient visual system _____________

Guides our movements

Uses the entire visual field

Works at an unconscious level

All of the above almost positive about this one too

All of the above almost positive about this one too