all units bio

Cell

Smallest unit of life

What type of walls do plants have

Rigid

Cell theory

All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from other cells

Plasma membrane

All cells have it, it takes in food and nutrients, disposes waste, takes in water, builds and exports molecules, communication, and controls flow of molecules in and out of cells.

Plasma membrane

Can be displaced and return to original shape

The four parts are attached to the phospholipid bilayer

Receptor protein, recognition protein, transport protein, and cholesterol

Receptor protein

Allows specific signal molecules to bind- causing a cellular response

Recognition Protein

Gives cells a fingerprint, lets body know which cells are its own, has to be suppressed to support organ transplants

Transport proteins

Transmembrane proteins let polar molecules through

Cholesterol

Allows the plasma membrane to stay flexible, prevents it from being rigid during cold and too fluid during hot

Cystic fibrosis

Faulty Plasma membrane

Cystic fibrosis

Genetic, caused when a transmembrane protein is produced wrong, causes chloride ions to build up, results in salt imbalance, and builds up mucus in lungs

Types of cell transport

Active and passive

Active transport

Requires energy to move cells

Passive transport

Happens by itself, not requiring energy

Types of passive transport

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Simple diffusion

Solute dissolves in solvent, goes from a high concentration to a low one

Facilitated diffusion

Requires a transport protein due to the phospholipid bilayer repelling or the molecule being too large

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across the membrane.

The three types of Tonicity

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Isotonic

Same amount of solutes inside the cell and outside the cell

Hypotonic

The cell has less solutes outside then inside. Causes the cell to swell

Hypertonic

More solutes outside of the cell, causes the cell to shrink

Where the H2O wants to go in osmosis

Wherever has more solutes

Fuels active transport

Energy from ATP

Mitochondria

Makes ATP energy

Endocytosis

Cells engulf particles

Phagocytosis

Large particles get eaten/engulfed by cells

Pinocytosis

Small dissolved particles/liquids get drank/engulfed by cells

Exocytosis

Particles inside cells get put in vesicle and sent to the plasma membrane

Prokaryotic cells

Unicellular, no nucleus, bacteria and archaea, invisible to eye

Prokaryotic cells

1st cells on earth, 3.5 billion years ago

Features of a prokaryote

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, 1 or more dna loops

Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes

Organelles

Form compartment walls that allow multiple chemical reactions to happen at once

Nucleus

Where the DNA stays, it would get dissolves if it left

Rough ER

Transports proteins, flat sac, folds and packages proteins

Smooth ER

Smooth surface, detoxify’s alcohol, antibiotics and stimulants. Transports lipids and carbs

Nucleus

Largest organelle, directs cellular activities, stores DNA

Nuclear membrane

Surrounds nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

Chromatin

Long thin fibers holding DNA

Endoplasmic recticulum

Organelles that produce and modify molecules

Golgi Apparatus

Processes molecules synthesized in cell (lipids and proteins)

Lysosomes

Membrane enclosed vesicles that use acid to clean up waste

Vacuoles

Nutrient storage, waste management, predator detectors, reproduction, physical support, contains liquids

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesizing, stroma/fluid compartment, Thylakoids collect light energy, contain chlorophyll

Mitochondria

Converts energy from food to ATP to CO2 and water

Cytoskeleton

Inner scaffolding, gives animal cells shape, railroad for organelles, gives cells ability to control environment, in the cytoplasm

Centrioles

“Short barrel shaped” organelles made of microtubules, organizes microtubules during cell division

Cilia

Attached to organelle that moves stiffly like an oar

Flagella

Attached to organelle moves like a whip/sperm

Cell walls

Made of long polysaccharide fibers, structure, in plants fungi and bacteria, not in animal cells

Extracellular matrix

No cell wall, mesh of fibrous proteins (collagen and elastin) and polysaccharides, only in animals, outside the cell

Extracellular Matrix

No cell wall, made of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides, not in plants fungi and bacteria, outside the cell

Energy

The ability to do work

Where the biosphere energy comes from

The sun

Kinetic energy

Energy in motion

Potential energy

Stored energy

Calorie

Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy is not created or destroyed, it only changes one form to another

2nd law of thermodynamics

Energy conservation is not completely efficient and you lose energy as heat

Entropy

Amount of disorganization

Adenosine Triphosphate

Full name of ATP

What ATP does

Stores energy for cell activities

Who uses ATP

All living organisms

What ATP releases

ADP

Metabolic Pathways

Series of linked reactions

What enzymes end in

Ase (lactase)

Job of enzyme

Catalyst for protein

Energy of activation

How much energy is needed for a reaction

Conversion of photosynthesis

Sunlight + water + Carbon dioxide = oxygen and water

Cellular respiration conversion

Oxygen + Sugar = carbon dioxide+ water +ATP

What provides energy during photosynthesis

Sunlight

What provides energy for cellular respiration

ATP

What uses photosynthesis

Plants, algae, some protozoans, Cyanobacteria

What macromolecule does photosynthesis turn sun energy to

Carbohydrates

Photosynthesis converts CO2 to what?

Oxygen

What does CO2 enter leaves through

The stomata

What does water come through

The roots

Mesophyll

CO2 and H2O diffuses into it

What turns into chloroplasts

CO2 and H2O diffusing into the mesophyll

Thylakoids are in what

Chloroplasts

What looks like pancakes

Thylakoids

Stroma

Fluid in chloroplasts

Palisade mesophyll

Cells that are the most responsible for doing the most photosynthesis

Chloroplast

The organelle responsible for doing photosynthesis

Thylakoid space

Green discs in the chloroplasts

Where do light dependent reactions occur

Thylakoid space

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

The stroma

RuBP name

Rubisco

Carbon fixation

Phase 1 of Calvin cycle

What is used to make 6 molecules of phosphoglycerate in phase 1 of the Calvin cycle

3 molecules of RuBP and 3 molecules of CO2

Reduction

Phase 2 of Calvin cycle

What carries electrons in phase 2 of the Calvin cycle

NADPH and ATP

What is H2O and light turned into

Oxygen, ATP & NADPH

Where does the Calvin cycle get ATP and nadph from

Light reactions

Where does the Calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast

The stroma

What does the Calvin cycle use to make sugar

ATP and NADPH reduce CO2

What does ATP and NADPH turn into after it gets used

ADP+P and NADP+

What is NADPH

Electron carrier and donor