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James Lawson and Diane Nash
students who led a civil disobedience campaign in Nashville
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
student sit-in activists created by the Nashville group
Jackie Robinson
the first black player in major league baseball
Richard Nixon
Republican candidate aginst JFK
Robert F Kennedy
JFK’s younger brother and campaign manager, who heavily supported the civil rights movement
Interstate Commerce Commission
Federal agency established in 1887 to regulate railroads, banned segregated terminals but southern states refused to comply.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
pacifist group who organized the “freedom rides”
Howard K. Smith
CBS correspondent who investigated segregation and freedom rides in the special, “Who speaks for Birmingham” gaining a lot of media coverage
Eugene “Bull” Connor
Birmingham police commissioner arrested SNCC freedom riders working with the KKK
Albany Movement
Desegregation campaign led by SNCC for the desegregation of airports, trains, buses, and other public facilities. It never gained national crisis like they hoped
Fred Shuttlesworth
SCLC minister who organized the Alabama Birmingham campaign
George Wallace
Alabama governor and “bastion of violent segregationism”
Children’s March
Gave the SCLC the public coverage and JFK support they wanted with children being violently attacked for protesting
Birmingham Klan
Bombed black churches, motels, and neighborhoods
Al Lingo
Led Alabama state troopers, beating any black people they encountered
“I Have a Dream” speech
iconic address by MLK Jr. in 1963 advocating for racial equality and civil rights, delivered during the March on Washington.
Lyndon Johnson
VP that became president after JFK was assassinated, he got the Civil Rights Act of 1957 signed into law
Civil Rights Act of 1957
First civil rights legislation since Reconstruction; aimed to protect voting rights for African Americans; created the Civil Rights Division, but failed to address voting rights.
Civil Rights Commission
created to investigate voting rights abuses
John Doar
2nd in command of the Civil Rights Division and investigated disenfranchisement in the south
24th Amendment
prohibits poll taxes in federal elections, ensuring voting rights regardless of financial status.
Voter Education Project (VEP)
funded by leading civil rights groups (NAACP, SCLC, CORE, SNCC) to increase the number of black applicants for registration
Ella Baker
student who became a SNCC advisor and suggested that SNCC split into two parts, one focused on segregation and the other on voting rights.
Bob Moses
started a voting rights movement in Mississippi which had the lowest rates of black voting, attracted press coverage but produced few black voters
Freedom Ballots
Created by Mississippi activists to allow disenfranchised people to vote
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and Freedom Summer Project
launched by Northern college students to start voter-training schools and registration drives to build support for the party
Jim Clark
mayor of Selma Alabama segregationist committed to modernization and economic development, he beat and arrested protestors on the Pettus Bridge
Dallas County Voters League (DCVL)
the black community of Selma’s voting rights organization
James Hare
issued an injunction banning civil rights groups from holding marches and public meetings in Selma
Daniel Thomas
federal judge who ordered county registrars to let applicants sign up for appointments in a book, rejected by King since he thought it would be too slow