Chapter 3- Colonial Ways of Life

"women's work": a term formerly used to denigrate domestic and caregiving tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females
Age of Reason: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of
reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
bawdy houses: Another name for brothels, disorderly houses where men frequented
Benjamin Franklin: Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe,
primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
birth rate in early settlements: people married earlier than they did in europe,
leading to higher birth rates and larger families
Cotton mather: minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a
sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was
believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials
in salem
death rate in early settlements: was about 50% in early years but when they
became settled it was lower in the colonies than in Europe, whih led to rapid
population growth
Deists: Believed in a God who had created a perfect universe and then allowed
it to operate according to Natural Laws
domestic sphere: Belief that women's role should be within the home
1. Elizabeth Pinckney: Woman who helped developed cultivation of the indigo
  plant, which was used to create blue dye. Rivaled rice as a source of wealth in
  South Carolina
2. Enlightenment: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of
  reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
3. George Whitefield: Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies
  attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.
4. Giles Corey: Elderly inhabitant of Salem. He challenges the court in an attempt
  to defend his wife who has been convicted of witchcraft. He is pressed to death as
  a result.
5. headright system: The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the
  family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land
6. Huguenots: French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
7. James Davenport: A deranged revivalist who traveled along the Connecticut
  Coast in 1742 playing upon popular emotion. He urged people to burn books
  written by authors who had not experienced the New Light.
8. John Locke: English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract"
  in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in
  which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to
  life, liberty and property.
9. John Peter Zenger: Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of
  New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis
  for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
10. Jonathan Edwards: American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
11. King's college: Founded in New York in 1754 and later renamed Columbia,
  was very devoted to the spread of secular knowledge and had no theological
  faculty.
12. Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants
  of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism.
13. naturalization policies: policies outlining the path to citizenship - typically
  included acquiring property, voting and holding office, and receiving royal grants
  of land
14. New York black codes: codes that dictated the rights of black people, strictly
  regulated slaver behavior
15. Old Light, New Light: old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy
  who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who
  strongly believed in the Great Awakening
16. patroonship: A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early
  1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.
17. Pennsylvania Backcountry: large distribution point for ethnic groups of European origin
18. Poor Richard's Almanack: Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin
  Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry,
  morality, and common sense.
19. Puritan work ethic: the idea that work is a gift from God and a means of glorifying Him
20. race-based slavery: Institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to
  justify enslaving a people by force.
21. Religious Colleges: the great awakening gave rise to these denominational
  institutions that became a distinctive characteristic of american higher education
22. Salem Witch Trials: Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials
  in Salem, Massachusetts . 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most
  of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible
  mistake.
23. Samuel Parris: 1690-Salem's minister who called for the condemnation of
  witches led by his daughter Betty's bizarre behavior. Namely accusing tituba(slave)
  of witchcraft. Significance: Strong driver of tensions and chaos in Salem and one
  of its first accusors.
24. Sarah Osborne: An elderly poor midwife who was at birth of three Putnam
  babies who were born dead; accused witch
25. shipbuilding: One of the major industries in New England during the Colonial
  Era. New Englanders made some of the best ships in the world. This contributed
  to the growth of New England as a center of trade and promoted the growth of the
  triangular trade. New England was openly defying the mercantilist system.
26. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: One of Jonathan Edwards' most
  famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell
27. slave codes: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and
  denied them basic rights.
28. staple crops: crops that are continuously in demand
29. Stono Rebellion: The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period
  which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got
  weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising
  was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running
  away, though there was no where to go.
30. taverns: the places which served as cradles of democracy and where all social
  classes would mingle along main routes of travel
31. Act Against Intemperance, Immortality, and Profaneness: targeted taverns that had become "nurseries of intemperance" and tightened the process of issuing licenses for sale of liquor, eliminated fiddle playing in pubs, called for pubic posting of the names of "common drunkards" and banned the sale of run and brandy
32. The Great Awakening: Religious revival in the American colonies of the
  eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were
  established.
33. The New England Primer: widely used New England schoolbook that taught
  lessons of social duty and Christian faith, as well as reading and writing
34. Tituba: Parris's slave from Barbados; first accused witch
35. Township Grants: huge tracts of land; awarded to organized groups of settlers;
  granted to settlers to create a town
36. triangular trade: A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent
  slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns
  and Rum to Africa
37. William Tennent: Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730's. Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.