"women's work": a term formerly used to denigrate domestic and caregiving tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females

Age of Reason: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

bawdy houses: Another name for brothels, disorderly houses where men frequented

Benjamin Franklin: Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

birth rate in early settlements: people married earlier than they did in europe, leading to higher birth rates and larger families

Cotton mather: minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

death rate in early settlements: was about 50% in early years but when they became settled it was lower in the colonies than in Europe, whih led to rapid population growth

Deists: Believed in a God who had created a perfect universe and then allowed it to operate according to Natural Laws

domestic sphere: Belief that women's role should be within the home

Elizabeth Pinckney: Woman who helped developed cultivation of the indigo plant, which was used to create blue dye. Rivaled rice as a source of wealth in South Carolina

Enlightenment: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

George Whitefield: Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.

Giles Corey: Elderly inhabitant of Salem. He challenges the court in an attempt to defend his wife who has been convicted of witchcraft. He is pressed to death as a result.

headright system: The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Huguenots: French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

James Davenport: A deranged revivalist who traveled along the Connecticut Coast in 1742 playing upon popular emotion. He urged people to burn books written by authors who had not experienced the New Light.

John Locke: English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

John Peter Zenger: Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Jonathan Edwards: American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

King's college: Founded in New York in 1754 and later renamed Columbia, was very devoted to the spread of secular knowledge and had no theological faculty.

Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism.

naturalization policies: policies outlining the path to citizenship - typically included acquiring property, voting and holding office, and receiving royal grants of land

New York black codes: codes that dictated the rights of black people, strictly regulated slaver behavior

Old Light, New Light: old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening

patroonship: A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.

Pennsylvania Backcountry: large distribution point for ethnic groups of European origin

Poor Richard's Almanack: Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Puritan work ethic: the idea that work is a gift from God and a means of glorifying Him

race-based slavery: Institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to justify enslaving a people by force.

Religious Colleges: the great awakening gave rise to these denominational institutions that became a distinctive characteristic of american higher education

Salem Witch Trials: Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts . 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Samuel Parris: 1690-Salem's minister who called for the condemnation of witches led by his daughter Betty's bizarre behavior. Namely accusing tituba(slave) of witchcraft. Significance: Strong driver of tensions and chaos in Salem and one of its first accusors.

Sarah Osborne: An elderly poor midwife who was at birth of three Putnam babies who were born dead; accused witch

shipbuilding: One of the major industries in New England during the Colonial Era. New Englanders made some of the best ships in the world. This contributed to the growth of New England as a center of trade and promoted the growth of the triangular trade. New England was openly defying the mercantilist system.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

slave codes: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

staple crops: crops that are continuously in demand

Stono Rebellion: The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

taverns: the places which served as cradles of democracy and where all social classes would mingle along main routes of travel

Act Against Intemperance, Immortality, and Profaneness: targeted taverns that had become "nurseries of intemperance" and tightened the process of issuing licenses for sale of liquor, eliminated fiddle playing in pubs, called for pubic posting of the names of "common drunkards" and banned the sale of run and brandy

The Great Awakening: Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

The New England Primer: widely used New England schoolbook that taught lessons of social duty and Christian faith, as well as reading and writing

Tituba: Parris's slave from Barbados; first accused witch

Township Grants: huge tracts of land; awarded to organized groups of settlers; granted to settlers to create a town

triangular trade: A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

William Tennent: Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730's. Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.