Chapter 3- Colonial Ways of Life

 1. "women's work": a term formerly used to denigrate domestic and caregiving tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females
 2. Age of Reason: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of
    reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
 3. bawdy houses: Another name for brothels, disorderly houses where men frequented
 4. Benjamin Franklin: Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe,
    primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
 5. birth rate in early settlements: people married earlier than they did in europe,
    leading to higher birth rates and larger families
 6. Cotton mather: minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a
    sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was
    believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials
    in salem
 7. death rate in early settlements: was about 50% in early years but when they
    became settled it was lower in the colonies than in Europe, whih led to rapid
    population growth
 8. Deists: Believed in a God who had created a perfect universe and then allowed
    it to operate according to Natural Laws
 9. domestic sphere: Belief that women's role should be within the home

10. Elizabeth Pinckney: Woman who helped developed cultivation of the indigo
        plant, which was used to create blue dye. Rivaled rice as a source of wealth in
        South Carolina
11. Enlightenment: A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of
        reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
12. George Whitefield: Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies
        attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.
13. Giles Corey: Elderly inhabitant of Salem. He challenges the court in an attempt
        to defend his wife who has been convicted of witchcraft. He is pressed to death as
        a result.
14. headright system: The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the
        family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land
15. Huguenots: French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
16. James Davenport: A deranged revivalist who traveled along the Connecticut
        Coast in 1742 playing upon popular emotion. He urged people to burn books
        written by authors who had not experienced the New Light.
17. John Locke: English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract"
        in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in
        which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to
        life, liberty and property.
18. John Peter Zenger: Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of
        New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis
        for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
19. Jonathan Edwards: American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
20. King's college: Founded in New York in 1754 and later renamed Columbia,
        was very devoted to the spread of secular knowledge and had no theological
        faculty.
21. Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants
        of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism.
22. naturalization policies: policies outlining the path to citizenship - typically
        included acquiring property, voting and holding office, and receiving royal grants
        of land
23. New York black codes: codes that dictated the rights of black people, strictly
        regulated slaver behavior
24. Old Light, New Light: old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy
        who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who
        strongly believed in the Great Awakening
25. patroonship: A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early
        1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.
26. Pennsylvania Backcountry: large distribution point for ethnic groups of European origin
27. Poor Richard's Almanack: Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin
        Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry,
        morality, and common sense.
28. Puritan work ethic: the idea that work is a gift from God and a means of glorifying Him
29. race-based slavery: Institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to
        justify enslaving a people by force.
30. Religious Colleges: the great awakening gave rise to these denominational
        institutions that became a distinctive characteristic of american higher education
31. Salem Witch Trials: Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials
        in Salem, Massachusetts . 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most
        of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible
        mistake.
32. Samuel Parris: 1690-Salem's minister who called for the condemnation of
        witches led by his daughter Betty's bizarre behavior. Namely accusing tituba(slave)
        of witchcraft. Significance: Strong driver of tensions and chaos in Salem and one
        of its first accusors.
33. Sarah Osborne: An elderly poor midwife who was at birth of three Putnam
        babies who were born dead; accused witch
34. shipbuilding: One of the major industries in New England during the Colonial
        Era. New Englanders made some of the best ships in the world. This contributed
        to the growth of New England as a center of trade and promoted the growth of the
        triangular trade. New England was openly defying the mercantilist system.
35. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: One of Jonathan Edwards' most
        famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell
36. slave codes: Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and
        denied them basic rights.
37. staple crops: crops that are continuously in demand
38. Stono Rebellion: The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period
        which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got
        weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising
        was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running
        away, though there was no where to go.
39. taverns: the places which served as cradles of democracy and where all social
        classes would mingle along main routes of travel
40. Act Against Intemperance, Immortality, and Profaneness: targeted taverns that had become "nurseries of intemperance" and tightened the process of issuing licenses for sale of liquor, eliminated fiddle playing in pubs, called for pubic posting of the names of "common drunkards" and banned the sale of run and brandy
41. The Great Awakening: Religious revival in the American colonies of the
        eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were
        established.
42. The New England Primer: widely used New England schoolbook that taught
        lessons of social duty and Christian faith, as well as reading and writing
43. Tituba: Parris's slave from Barbados; first accused witch
44. Township Grants: huge tracts of land; awarded to organized groups of settlers;
        granted to settlers to create a town
45. triangular trade: A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent
        slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns
        and Rum to Africa
46. William Tennent: Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730's. Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had teachers educated in all areas of study.

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