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What is Mitosis
A process of cell duplication, in which one cell(mother cell) divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
What is Interphase
the longest part of the cell cycle. This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis.
What is Prophase
the chromosomes, which had been thin and threadlike in interphase, begin to condense, or thicken
What is Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle (m=middle)
What is Anaphase
Chromosomes move to opposite poles,Centromeres split,spindles pull sister chromatids apart (a=away)
What is Telophase
the last step of cell division, when chromosomes move in opposite directions so two new cells can be formed from one,Chromosomes uncoil – back into chromatin,Cell membrane begins to pinch in the middle to make two new cells
What are Centromere
structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids
What is Chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
What is a Gene
segments of DNA that contain instructions for building the molecules that make the body work.
What is a Centriole
grabs on dna and moves it around
What is Haploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What is the goal of mitosis
to produce two daughter cells identical to the parent cell
what happens when uncontrolled cell growth occurs
tumors occur that can become deadly if not treated. Mitosis occurs infinitely
How do cells differentiate
each cell type “switches on” a different pattern of genes, and this determines which proteins the cell produces. The unique set of proteins in different cell types allows them to perform specialized tasks
What is G1 phase
cell growth, development, and protein production (G=growth, longest)
What is S phase
the cell replicates its genetic content (S=Synthesis)
What is G2 phase
Organelles replicated (, shortest)
What is the order of interphase
G1 - S - G2
What is the order of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What is a chromosone
thread-like strands that contain hundreds, or even thousands, of genes (made up of DNA)
Why do cells divide
To reproduce,To grow bigger,To repair injuries,To become more efficient.
What is cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides, produces 2 cells. The split
What is an organelle
tiny machines that provide the needs of the cell. Examples are the nucleus, mitochondria, etc
what cells are examples of diploids
nerve cells, muscle cells, bone cells, skin cells
what cells are examples of haploids
egg and sperm cells
What is a stem cell
A cell that can change into any specialized cell
Stimulius
something happening in the cell
receptor
recognizes something happening in the cell
control
production is activated
effector
Removes stimulis
Chromosomes (packaged DNA around proteins are only fully condensed during mitosis. This keeps them from being tangled but transcription cannot take place in this form. Why?
If chromosomes were not tightly packed the DNA would tangle during mitosis. When the chromosomes are tightly packed, RNA polymerase, cannot get in there to make mRNA
How is DNA packaged into chromosomes
wrapping the DNA around structural histone proteins
What is epigenetics
the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
What can affect epigenetics
air quality, sleep, stress, diet, exercise
What is a histone
a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
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