KINESIOL 2F03: Quiz 1 Content

What is isometric growth?

- the growth of an organ within the organism grows at the SAME RATE as other parts of body: CONSTANT relative size
- adult proportions are similar to those of juvenile
- SIZE OF ORGAN INC. but EXTERNAL FEATURES REMAIN SAME

e.g. fish, grasshoppers, cockroaches

What is allometric growth?

- differential/unequal growth of body parts in relation to the whole organism
- diff. organs grow at diff. rates from e/o and overall growth
- involves change in size + external SHAPE of organism

What are the relative/absolute sizes of the HEAD compared to the rest of the body for a 2 month fetus, a child at birth, and an adult?

2 month fetus: 50% of length
birth: 45% (0.8kg/1.8lb)
adult: 12.5% (6kg/13.2lb)

What are the relative/absolute sizes of the LEGS compared to the rest of the body for a 2 month fetus, a child at birth, and an adult?

2 month fetus: 15% of length
birth: 37% (15% weight)
adult: 50% (30% weight)

What is Scammon's curve? What are the IV and DV?

- made 4 basic curves to characterize body growth
- used tissues + organ weights at each age

IV: age (years)
DV: size attained as % of total postnatal growth

What were the 4 basic curves in Scammon's curve? Describe how each curve appears on the graph.

1. general curve (physical dimensions)
2. neural
3. genital
4. lymphoid (WBC, bone marrow)

What are the 4 phases of growth (in regards to Scammon's curve)?

1. RAPID gain in infancy/early childhood
2. STEADY gain during mid-childhood
3. RAPID gain during adolescent spurt
4. SLOW INC. until a stop in growth = adult body (but not stop in mass)

What are 5 examples of growth vs. maturation vs. development?

GROWTH:
1. physique
2. size
3. proportions
4. bodily composition
5. systemic

MATURATION:
1. skeletal
2. sexual
3. neuromuscular
4. dental
5. somatic

DEVELOPMENT:
1. emotional
2. social
3. cognitive
4. moral
5. motor

ALL TIES INTO SELF-ESTEEM + COMPETENCE

Why do you think chronological age does not always reflect biological processes?

CHRONOLOGICAL: operates in a time framework (age)
BIOLOGICAL: not so linear or generalizable, diff. people w the same age can have diff. biological maturities
- postnatal growth: divided into 3/4 age groups instead

What is the difference between actual and adjusted age (chronological age)? Give an example.

ACTUAL: according to days/months AFTER birth
ADJUSTED: according to developmental age based on DUE date

e.g. for PREMATURE birth: normally, baby should be born after 34 weeks, but a baby is born at 29 weeks. what are its actual and adjusted ages after 6 months?
ACTUAL: 6 months
ADJUSTED: 1 month

Why is chronological age used more widely? What are the 3 types of participant variations? Why are they important?

- easier/more accurate data for researchers to anchor to while conducting studies = helps define children's age group

participant variation
WITHIN: compare GMD of child over the years
BETWEEN: compare GMD of child by age/gender w/ other children
BETWEEN POPULATION: compare GMD between population

IMPORTANCE: use info of 'normal' patterns to research and understand why variations occur, their origins + biological significance
= modify conditions and OPTIMIZE outcome of potential = reach full potential

What constitutes as infancy and childhood?

INFANCY:
- perinatal- 1st week
- neonatal- 1st month
- postnatal- rest of 1st year
CHILDHOOD:
- end of infancy to start of adolescence
- early childhood- preschool
- middle childhood- elementary to 5/6th grade

What is adolescence? (normal variation for girls vs. boys)

- ages 10-18
NORMAL variation
girls: ages 8-19
boys: ages 10-22

By using info on participant variation, how can you predict the link between growth/maturity and adult health? (3)

1. LOW birthweight infant --> adult hypertension, diabetes
2. early sexual maturation --> assoc. w cancer in adulthood
3. overweight adolesc. --> overweight adults + health issues

Other than comparing growth/maturation (e.g. height, weight, physical performance) to another population/the norm or track growth over time/predict future growth, what can you use GMD info for (using chronological age)?

SPORT PARTICIPATION (done by age)
- GMD factors like height/weight/physique impact performance

What impacts the peak performance years in sport for individuals? (4)

- endurance
- strength
- flexibility
- power

What are 2 ways to measure in research and studies? Describe them.

1. CROSS-SECTIONAL
- measures participants at a GIVEN AGE
- each one rep. ONCE (no growth in performance over time) = look into an AGE GROUP
--> use one cohort, take their data, don't go back to collect data on progress/growth
2. LONGITUDINAL
- REPEATED OBSERVATIONS over period of time = shows growth/change/development over time

What does 'growth' refer to? What are the 3 processes?

- changes in SIZE, outcome of 3 processes:
1. hyperplasia: inc. in cell NUMBER (e.g # of neurons mid-pregn. or # muscle fibres postnatally)
2. hypertrophy: inc. in cell SIZE (inc. in functional units within cell protein + substrate)
3. accretion: inc. in INTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES (e.g. adipose tissue. material binding/aggregating cells in networks)

Which of the 3 processes of growth are intracellular? Intercellular?

INTRA: hyperplasia/trophy
INTER: accretion

What are the 2 diff. types of hypertrophy?

1. neuron hypertrophy: 2nd half of pregn. into postnatal
2. muscle hypertrophy: during early growth + resistance training during post puberty

Do cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy in muscle tissue grow in the same pattern?

NO
hyperplasia: very constant (not moving) growth after initial inc.
hypertrophy: slow, gradual increase into adolescence

What is the difference between growth, maturation and maturity?

Growth: size + number, usually intercellular/intracellular processes (hypertrophy/plasia, accretion)
Maturation: a process that cells/tissues/organs go through. refers to TIMING + TEMPO of progress
Maturity: a state that varies acc. to the system considered (e.g. skeletal maturity = ossified skeleton, BUT sexual maturity = fully functional reproductive system)

What does the maturation of the neuroendocrine systems have an effect on?

- skeletal, sexual, somatic maturation during later childhood/early adolescence

What are the 2 main factors of maturation?

Timing: WHEN it happens
Tempo: RATE at which it happens

What is 1 common underlying process between growth and maturation?

- underlying processes are cellular

What are the 2 concepts of development?

1. BIOLOGICAL:
- differentiation + specialization of stem cells (into cell types, tissues, organs, functional units) --> prenatal (MAIN), but continues postnatally

2. BEHAVIOURAL:
- acquisition/REFINEMENT of behaviors accepted by society

What factors impact motor competence and physical performance in development?

- learning + practice = REFINEMENT
- development of basic movement patterns depend on: RATE of maturation, growth, maturity status
- environment + opportunity

What did Karl Newell suggest?

- movements arise from the interaction 3 things:
1. the individual (constraints) (structural + functional)
2. the environment (constraints) they're in
3. the task (constraints) in hand

= AFFECTS motor development

What is the difference between physical activity, training for sport, and physical fitness?

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: any form of movement that increases energy expenditure

TRAINING FOR SPORT: systemic, specialized/organized practice for a certain sport/discipline

PHYSICAL FITNESS: and ADAPTIVE state (varies w/ growth, maturity, function) exercise with the goal of improving health, much easier to measure (aerobic/anaerobic, endurance, strength)
- planned, structured, repetitive (e.g. going to the gym w/ a motive)