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Critical Thinking
Not having the answer before asking the question
Thesis
A statement based upon facts that a reasonable person could DISAGREE with
Observation
A statement about more than one fact that every reasonable person will AGREE with
Humanism
The idea that human beings have remained essentially the same between the ancient world and modern world
Idealism
The belief that categories exist independent of language and human beings
Textualism
Due to the fact that categories and even mythic figures are constructed by language, it is better to try to understand categories and mythic figures as subject to LIMITED CHANGE OVER TIME rather than imperfect copies of an ideal hero or category
Gender
The range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between masculinity and femininity
Ethnicity
A category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, culture, or nation
Intersectionality
Understanding how aspects of one’s social and political identities combine to create unique modes of discrimination
Syncretism
The identification of local deities with the relevant god or goddess of another culture
Ritual
A sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence that is usually prescribed by a community or religion
Repeated actions with symbolic intent
Demeter
Goddess of Agriculture
Attributes: Grain Sheaf, Crown of Wheat
Artemis
Areas of concern: Hunting, childbirth, virginity
Attributes: Bow and arrow, hunting dog, stag, moon
Apollo
Areas of Concern: Music, healing, prophecy
Attributes: Kithara, bow, laurel
Poseidon
Areas of Concern: The sea, horses, and earthquakes
Attributes: Tridents, beards, fish
Aphrodite
Areas of Concern: Love, desire, and fertility
Attributes: Cupids and doves
Melqart
Patron God of Tyre
Equated with Heracles
Hera
QUEEN OF THE GODS
Areas of Concern: Marriage, family
Attributes: Crown, peacock
Dionysus
God of Wine
Heracles
Son of Alcmene and Zeus, occasionally Amphitryon
Performed “12” Labors after killing his wife and children
Theseus
First king of Athens
Slayer of the Minotaur
Cadmus
Brother of Europa
Founder of Thebes
Sphinx
Daughter of Echidna and Typhoeus
Plagued Thebes by killing anyone who failed her riddle
Oedipus solved the riddle and she offed herself
Typhoeus
Son of Gaia and Tartaros
Challenged Zeus for the crown (LOST)
Anchises
Baby daddy of Aphrodite’s child, first mortal aphrodite fell in love with
Jason
Leader of the Argonauts
Ex Husband of Medea
Stole the golden fleece
Europa
Phoenician Princess
Taken by Zeus and crowned queen of Crete
Ariadne
Daughter of Minos, sister of the Minotaur
Helped Theseus slay the Minotaur, but rejected his hand in marriage
Persephone
Daughter of Demeter
Queen of the Underworld
Married to Hades
Phaedra
Theseus’ Wife
Fell in love with his son, who rejected her, hung herself because people found out
Pasiphae
Minos’ wife
Enchanted by Poseidon to fall in love with Minos’ prized bull. Eloped with the bull. Birthed Minotaur.
Amphitryon
Heracles’ “other” father
Zeus shapeshifted as him and slept with his wife
Hydra
A dragon with 9 heads, one was immortal. Slayed by Heracles for his labors.
Minotaur
Half human, half bull creature
Trapped in a labyrinth beneath Crete
Nemean Lion
A large lion like creature with invulnerable hide, strangled by Heracles for his labors
Python
Original occupant of Delphi, killed by Apollo
Cerberus
Guardian of the Underworld, 3 headed dog. Captured by Heracles
Homer
The author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, also Homeric Hymns
Theorized to be an oral tradition
Euripedes
Author of many tragedies, including Orestes and Medea. Believed to have been bribed to change the ending of Medea
Ovid
Author of Metamorphoses, The Heroides and other poems
Exiled for a poem and a mistake
Pseudo-Apollodorus
Author of the Library of Greek Mythology
Martin Bernal
Claimed that much of Greek Culture is a result of contact with Western Asia and Northern African cultures
Sir James George Frazer
Author of the Golden Bough
Claimed the Mythology was made to explain ritual
Milman Parry
Theorized that Homeric poetry is part of an older oral tradition
Claude Levi Strauss
The father of Anthropology
Identified universal structures of human society, such as kinship rules
Cyprus
Island located near modern Turkey
Setting of Homeric Hymn of Aphrodite
Crete
Island in contact with Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece
Home of Minoan and his family, as well as the Minotaur
Thebes
Home to many legendary heroes including Thebes, Heracles, Orestes, and also Dionysus.
Frequent enemy of Athens
Strait of Gibraltar
The Pillars of Heracles
Represents the limits of the known world for ancient Greeks
Historicism
The idea that humans have had fundamentally different ideas of how the world worked between the past and now