American YAWP Chapter 3 ID's

The Middle Passage (16th to 19th Century)

• 11 to 12 million African Slaves shipped to the Americas
• 2 million Africans died at sea

1. Overland Journey
   • March to a coastal slave trading factory
     • March was usually hundreds of miles
2. Oceanic Trip (middle leg)
   • Trip lasted 1-6 months
   • 2 million died during the voyage
   • Voyage from Africa to the Americas with enslaved human cargo
   • horrific conditions for the slaves
     • Slaves were held on the bottom deck
     • they had 4ft of personal space and were chained together
     • they couldn’t get up so bodily fluids ended up on the floor
     • 15% died on the voyage
3. Seasoning
   • Occurred in The West Indies with the founding of Charlestown (Main Place for seasoning)
   • Enslaved Africans acculturated for the rigors and discipline of slave life.
   • Enslaved broken of their wills and sold to a plantation to be laborers

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Elmina Castle (15th Century)

• The first slave factory
• Built by Portuguese
• Slaves marched here and were held in large holding cells

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The Decree of Sanctuary (1693)

• Promise of freedom to slaves from the Spanish King
  • They had to covert to Catholicism and swear allegiance to Spain
• Happened b/c British created Charlestown Colony on Spanish land

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The English Revolution of the 1640s

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Charles I (1625 - 1649)

• King that believed in an absolute monarchy (ruling without consulting parliament) → tensions Crown and Parliament → rebellion in Ireland and Scotland in 1640 → Civil War in England (1642 - 1651)(Royalists/Cavaliers + Parliamentarians/Roundheads) → Parliamentarians/Roundheads won → Charles I executed → colonies divided (6 colonies supported Charles II others didn’t) → Parliament attacked and put embargo due to support of monarchy

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Oliver Cromwell (1653 - 1658)

• Lord Protector
• England = republic
• consolidated holdings in the colonies
• signed off on Charles I execution
• 1661, was beheaded after he died → head put on spike

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Navigation Act of 1651

• Colonists had to ship goods to England → limited colonist profit
• Had to use British ships for goods
• Prevented other Europeans economic participation in colonies

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Charles II (1660 - 1685)

• England = monarchy
• believed to be pro French and catholic
• Signed of on Cromwell execution

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The Glorious Revolution (1688)

• William II and Mary II (James II daughter) invited to be monarchy → end of internal conflict in England
  • Colonists supported b/c:
  • rejection to absolutism
  • Protestantism and liberty central to european life
• James II fled

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Thomas Hooker (1636)

• colonial leader + congressional minister
• led 100 people + livestock to Newtown (Hartford CT)

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Roger Williams (1636)

• minister + theologian author
• exiled from Massachusetts
• Founded Providence Colony
  • Egalitarian Constitution
  • Religious and Political freedom → haven for Quakers, Jews, and other religious groups

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Anne Hutchison (1637)

• Settled in Rhode Island near Providence

Duke of York (1664)

• Taken from Dutch by English in 1664
• named after James II (Duke of York)
  • He funded the expedition → named after him

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William Penn (1664)

• Wanted his own large colony → Granted 45000 miles of the land between Hudson and Delaware River
• Member of society of friends (Quakers → pacifist → uncomfortable with slavery b/c violence)
• founded Pennsylvania colony for religious purposes
• wanted Pennsylvania to be an example of godliness
  • built on harmony, tolerance, and collaboration → diversity of migrants (included French, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Danish, Finish, Scottish)

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Charles Town (1670)

• Created b/c Charles II wanted to increase England hold on eastern seaboard

• Governed by 8 lord proprietors (king’s favorites)

  • wanted more immigration → promises (below) → colony grew → North and South Carolina
  • religious toleration
  • Political representation by assembly.
  • Exemption from fees
  • each person that came and paid their own way granted 150 acres of land

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The Pequot War (1636 - 1637)

• Pequot killed James Oldman (English Trader) → English attack on Block Island → Pequot attack on British Fort

  • Pequot destroyed provisions, warehouses, and attacked colonists → Mystic Massacre
  • Mystic Massacre = English (Massachusetts + Connecticut) and Natives (Mohegans + Narragansetts) set Pequot fort on fire and killed Pequots as they ran out
    • 400 - 700 Pequots killed
    • Turning point for English → English won → more English expansion

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Mohegans (17th Century)

• Native group that was jealous of the Pequots and sided with the English
• They threw off the balance by siding with the English
• They were allies of the Pequots

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King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War (1675 - 1676)

• Massachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth vs Wampanoags
• Started with death of John Sassamon → alleged killers tried in English court → convicted and executed → 9 colonist’s killed by Wampanoags → they moved northwest, avoided colonial forces in mobile group, attacked colonial towns → The Great Swamp Fight → Narragansett survivors join Metacom’s side → destroy colonial towns, get close to Boston → English + native allies track down and kill mobile groups → Metacom caught & killed

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Wampanoags

• Native group
• killers of John Sassamon executed → Wampanoags killed 9 colonists in retaliation → King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War

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Metacom

• Aka King Philip
  • name used to appease English
• Sachem
• Covenant with English
  • protection + reciprocity for submission (Wampanoags thought they were equals with English)
• He saw execution of 3 his people as a challenge and sign of increasing inequality
  • believed that Wampanoags should have delt with the murder
  • British action = overstep

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The Great Swamp Fight (1675)

• British killed 1000 Narragansett people → survivors joined Metacom → Metacom + followers attacked colonial towns

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Susquehannock War (1675)

• Doeg Indians took Thomas Matthew’s pigs → series of raids for retribution → chased doeg to Maryland → 14 Susquehannock killed by colonists b/c they confused them with the doeg → Susquehannock retaliated → colonists killed in Virginia and Maryland → political crisis in Virginia (Bacon’s Rebellion)
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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676 - 1677)

• instigated by Native resistance (Susquehannock War)
• exacerbated by Nathanial Bacon and Sir William Berkeley
• Berkley asked to start war b/c Susquehannock attacks, said no→ colonists felt unprotected → Nathanial Bacon + frontiers man wanted to fight Susquehannock → marked traitors by Berkley b/c he feared they would become a coup → mobilized an army to stop bacon and his followers → some believed Berkley was trying to overthrow English settlements → He had Bacon arrested → Bacon apologized → Bacon 500 man army → army surrounded statehouse, bacon demanded to be named governor → Berkley dared Bacon to shoot him → Berkley gave in due to Bacon 500 man army
• organized military campaign + personal grievances
• Bacon died in 1676
• Part of widespread Native resistance to crush English colonialism in America → Yamasee War

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Sir William Berkeley

• Governor of Virginia
• prohibited gun sales to natives
• restored suffrage to landless freed men
• He tried and executed the rebel leaders
• Lived remaining days in England in disgrace after removed from power by English troops

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The Yamasee War (1715 - 1717)

• Waged war b/c English monopolized land + resources and imposed non beneficial conditions on the Yamasee → came miles within Charlestown and killed every emissary and English trader they crossed
• Yamasee feud with English ended trade, diplomacy and no more dependence on English for trade
• English survived due to Cherokee alliance
• English solution to attack native resistance = alliances with other native groups
• Conflict stopped and Natives accepted English terms of trade
• led to the end of Native slave trade b/c English saw native slavery as dangerous

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