a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
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abdominal ultrasound
a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves
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absorption
the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
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acid reducers
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach
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acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
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aerophagia
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
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amebic dysentery
an intestinal disorder caused by a parasite
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anabolism
the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
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anal fissure
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
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anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
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anorexia
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
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anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance
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anoscopy
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
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antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach
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antiemetic
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
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anus
the lower opening of the digestive tract
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ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity to restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
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bariatrics
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
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bile
a digestive juice secreted by the liver, aids in the digestion of fats
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biliary tree
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
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bilirubin
yellow to green fluid, commonly known as bile. manufactured by the liver and is necessary for the digestion of fat.
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body mass index (BMI)
a number that shows body weight adjusted for height
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bolus
a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
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borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
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botulism
food poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum
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bowel incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of feces
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bruxism
the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
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bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting
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cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
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capsule endoscopy
a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
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catabolism
the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
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cecum
a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen
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cheilosis
a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
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cholangiography
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
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cholangitis
an acute infection of the bile duct
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cholecystalgia
pain in the gallbladder
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cholecystectomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder
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cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
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cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones
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choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
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cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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cholera
severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera
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chyme
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
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cirrhosis
a progressive degenerative disease of the liver
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cleft lip
a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
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cleft palate
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
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colectomy
the surgical removal of all, or part of, the colon
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colon
the longest portion of the large intestine
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colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum
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colorectal carcinoma
colon cancer
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colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
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constipation
having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week
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Crohn's disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
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defecation
the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
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dehydration
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
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dental calculus
dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth
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dental caries
an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth; also known as tooth decay or a cavity
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dental plaque
forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth
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dental prophylaxis
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
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dentist
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
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dentition
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
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descending colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
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diarrhea
an abnormal frequent flow of loose or watery stools that can lead to dehydration
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digestion
the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
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diverticulectomy
the surgical removal of a diverticulum
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diverticulitis
the inflammation of one or more diverticula in the colon
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diverticulosis
the presence of a number of diverticula in the colon
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duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum
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dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion
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dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
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edentulous
without teeth
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emesis
the reflex ejection of the stomach contents through the mouth; also known as vomiting
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endoscope
an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures
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enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
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enteritis
an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens
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epiglottis
a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
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eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
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esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum
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esophagus
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
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feces
solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus
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flatulence
the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
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gallbladder
a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver
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gallstone
a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
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gastrectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
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gastritis
a common inflammation of the stomach lining
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gastroduodenostomy
the removal of the pylorus of the stomach and the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
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gastroenteritis
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
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gastroenterologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
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gastrointestinal tract
the structures of the digestive system
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gastrorrhea
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucous in the stomach
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gastrostomy tube
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach
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gingiva
the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches, and lines the cheeks; also known as the gums
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gingivectomy
the surgical removal or diseased gingival tissue
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gingivitis
the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
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halitosis
an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders; also known as bad breath
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hard palate
the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane