biogeochemicak cykes oayme and college board

Biogeochemical cycle

The path atoms take from the living to the nonliving world and back again

Nutrient cycles

All cycles except the water cycle can be thought of as

Source

Released an element into its surroundings

Sink

Absorbs more of the element than it releases

Reservoir

A large supply of the element stored-can become source or sink

Their roots

Plants obtain carbon from the atmosphere, but obtain nitrogen through

Eating plants or other animals

Consumers get carbon nitrogen and phosphorus by

Bodies after decomposing

Organisms release carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from their

Atomosphere, soil

When organism die, carbon is returned to the ___ and nitrogen and phosphorus are returned to the ___

Carbon cycle

the movement of and molecules containina the element caroon between sources and sinks.

Sedimentary rock, ocean, and plants

Carbon reservoirs include

Sedimentary rock

Largest carbon reservoir

Ocean

Second largest carbon reservoir

Organisms with shells made of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) die and sink to the bottom

Carbon enters sedimentary rock by

Diffusion

Carbon enters the ocean through

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Carbon cycles through living things during

Long, short

Some of the reservoirs in which carbon compounds occur in the carbon cycle hold those compounds for ____ periods of time while some hold them for relatively ___ periods of time.

Cellular respiration

how organisms convert food into energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water in the process.

Fossil fuels, CO2(carbon dioxide)

The burning of ____ quickly moves stored carbon into atomospheric carbon-in the form of

Nitrogen cycle

the movement of atoms and molecules containing the element nitrogen between sources and sinks.

Building proteins and dna

Nitrogen is essential for

Plant growth - so fertilizers will often add nitrogen to soil

Nitrogen is a limiting factor for

Short periods of time

Most reservoirs where nitrogen compounds occur in the cycle hold these compounds for

Atmosphere

The largest reservoir for nitrogen

Nitrogen gas

The atmosphere is made up of 78%

CANNOT

Nitrogen gas ___ be absorbed and used directly by plants or animals

Photosynthesis

process where plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar (glucose).

Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3)

Nitrogen fixation

N2 must be converted or fixed into compounds that plants and animals can use as nutrients through

Nitrification

NH3 is converted to nitrate (NO3-)

Assimilation

Plant roots absorb ammonia and nitrate to make nitrogen - containing organic compounds

Ammonification

Decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and fungi return ammonia NH3 to the soil

Denitrification

Nitrate is converted back to nitrogen gas

Phosphorus cycle

the movement of atoms and molecules containing the element vnesonorus oeuweer sources crie siniks.

rock and sediments that contain phosphorus-bearing minerals

The major reservoirs of phosphorus c are

Sediments at the bottom of the ocean and land

Largest reservoir of phosphorus

Phosphorus

The #1 limiting factor for plants due to scarcity

Fertilizer runoff

Causes issues for nearby bodies of water due to causing algae growth-chokes out and suffocates other organisms in water

Primary productivity

The rate at which solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time

Gross primary productivity

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area

Net primary productivity

The rate of energy storage by photosynthesisers in a given area after subtracting energy lost to respiration

GPP-respiration

NPP formula

What is acfually available for consumers to use

NPP represents

Chlorophyll

A type of pigment that captures energy from absorbing sunlight

Phycobiliproteins

Convert green light to red and are found in red algae

Flows

Matter cycles, energy

10% rule

approximates that in the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next, only about 10% of the energy is passed on.

Used up

Energy cannot be destroyed but instead it is

Food web

A model of interlocking pattern of food chains that depicts the flow of energy and nutrients in 2 or more food chains

One species being removed or added to a specific food web and the rest of the food web being affected

Positive and negative feedback loops play a role in food webs through