Sociology

What is sociology?

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  • Sociology is the systematic study of human society through groups,

    group interactions, societies, and social interactions at the micro and macro levels (individual)

    (trends).

  • Society refers to people who live in a defined territory (geographical area) and a way of life, common culture

  • Culture is group shared practices, values, and beliefs, groups way of life from routine to the most important part of a group member’s life, social rules 

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  • Social construction

    • We tend to think that things are natural and will not change
    • We are freer than we think 
    • Those things deemed as natural are socially constructed 
  • Social order

    • We develop an awareness of social norms through
    •  Behavior in the classroom vs behavior at a concert or gathering
  • Social change 

    • Trends

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Three major theoretical perspectives

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  • Functionalism

    • The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole

    • Macro level orientation

    • Complex system parts working together to promote solidarity

    • Social events can be explained in terms of the function (contribution to society) they perform

    • How these events provide continuity to society and work in harmony with each other 

    • Promotes sociology as a scientific process

    • The social process has many functions 

    • Manifest functions: the recognized and intended functions (consequences) of any social pattern

      • Sought after or anticipated by participants
    • Latest functions: unrecognized, unaware, and unintended consequences of any social pattern. It can be beneficial, natural, or harmful

    • Dysfunctions: undesirable consequences that challenge the existing social pattern

    • Weakness; it fails to address big chances in society and inequality

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  • Conflict theory

    • The way inequalities contribute to social differences & perpetuate differences in power
    • Macro level orientation

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  • Macro level orientation

    • See society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change (coercion and power)
    • Competition for limited resources
    • Sociologists look at the ongoing conflict between dominant and disadvantaged categories of people 
  • Social conflict approach- race-conflict theory

    • Point of view; focuses on inequality & conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
    • People of color important to the development of sociology
  • Social conflict theory; feminism and feminist theory

    • A most prominent area of contemporary sociology and the most current movement
    • Highlighted gender relations and gender inequality as not of nature but of social construction
    • Currently focuses on the intersection of gender, race, and class
    • Influenced new fields of study in men’s studies, sexuality, and LGBTQ

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  • Symbolic interactionism

    • 1 to 1 interactions and communications 

    • Micro level orientation

    • A micro-level orientation, a close-up focus on relationships among individuals within society

    • Views society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals 

    • Key elements 

    • Communication: through the exchange of symbols and language - How we make sense of our world

    • Society is complex, people are active in shaping the social world

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Research method

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  • ethnography (fieldwork)
    • First-hand studies or observations
    • Uses observations, interviews, immerses themselves in the group, community… it can provide rich information on the behavior of people in groups 
    • Participant observation by direct involvement in an activity or observation at a distance
    • Must gain and sustain the cooperation of the group they are observing
    • Limited to small groups, findings limited to that group, not easy to generalize and possibly recreate
  • Surveys (questionnaires)
    • It can be administered over the phone, in person, by mail…
    • Results are less detailed but they can be generalized to the specific population as a whole 
    • Standard and open-ended questions
    • Sampling; a small proportion of a large population
    • The advantage is widely used as it is more easily quantified
    • A disadvantage is not all respond to surveys
  • Experiment
    • Most used in natural science or psychology 
    • People are randomly assigned to groups 
    • The researcher controls the circumstances being studied
    • The advantage is hypotheses can be tested under a highly controlled condition
    • The disadvantage is hard to duplicate the study in a natural setting, it cannot always generalize results to the larger society
    • Hawthorne effect (subject may modify their behavior)
  • Comparative historical research
    • Analysis of government data 
    • Readily available previous research or sampling that assists in targeting interests 
    • The disadvantage is that information may focus more on a purpose other than what you are hoping to research
    • Data can be hard to find

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