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Dedication to help you guys pass. - my best friend
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Origins & Beliefs
Over the last 2,500 years different forms of Gods grow in importance. Today, Hindus choose their own path to Moksna - a state of perfect understanding.
Hinduism and Society
New religion
The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment
Founder of Buddhism priests prophesied his greatness.
Siddhartha’s Quest
Nirvana
Buddha rejected the caste system and multiple Gods of Hinduisms.
The Four Noble Truths | |
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First Noble Truth | Life is filled with suffering and sorrow. |
Second Noble Truth | The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of the world. |
Third Noble Truth | The way to end all suffering is to end all desires. |
Fourth Noble Truth | The way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial. |
The Caste System Develops
Aryans are physically distinct from people of India. Four Castes of social classes develop.
Tip: You stay in the class you were born in for life in Hinduism. People are born into their caste class for life.
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Origins & Beliefs
The Tanakh is the Hebrew bible and it’s the holy & stories that contain the origins of Jewish belief. The first five books of the Tanakh are called the Torah which are rules to follow on a daily basis.
Key's belief
Western Wall is called the Wailing Wall for it is a sacred place for Jewish people. The wall is located in Jerusalem. Last remaining temple of Jewish temple. Jews make it a mission ( Pilgrimage) to visit the Western Wall. The three Judaism branches: Orthodox, The reform movement, Conservative, and
Origins & Beliefs
Christianity and Society
Jesus used short stories with messages that are called parables. Jesus had 12 disciples who devoted to him and performed miracles. Jesus claimed to have God’s authority, turned over by the Roman empire, and was arrested for heresy. Hersey is rejecting popular religious practices and committing blasphemy: Disrespecting the holy.
Jesus was sent to death and crucified: Death by the nail hanging on a cross. After his death, he was resurrected on the third day. It was Jesus’ resurrection and an act of God. The Holy book, bible, has 66 books which have the Old Testament, part of the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament was written after the resurrection of Jesus and his apostles preaching his teachings.
Paul converted after Jesus’ death and spread the Christian beliefs. Christians began to be persecuted because of their religious beliefs. The Roman emperor, Domitian, made Christianity made it illegal in the Roman Empire.
Depending on the denomination of Christianity, it varies from place to place. Christians worship in churches, chapels, and cathedrals, and worship on Sunday. It has over two billion followers. The Roman emperor, Constantine, legalized Christianity.
Origins & Beliefs
During Eid, they bring their own rug and pray in the mosque. At the end of the month, they break their fast and typically eat sweets, cookies, bakery, etc.
Heji is the pilgrimage of Mecca that every Muslims needs to visit and a self-renewal.
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Muhammad
Sunni v.s. Shia
THE FIVE PILLARS
SALAH (PRAYER) | ZAHAT (ALMS GIVING) | SAWM (FASTING) | HAJI (PILGRIMAGE) | SHAHADAH (FAITH) |
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Praying five times a day. | To give donations, charities, etc. to the poor from personal wealth. | During the months of Ramadan in daylight hours (nine months) they fast. | Those who are healthy and stable enough to visit the holy place, Mecca. (Makkah) | To believe in one God, Allah and Muhammad being the first prophet. |
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Religion Overview
Vocabulary
Terms | Definitions |
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Nirvana | |
Torah | |
Messiah | |
Pilgrimage | |
Mosque | |
Hersey | |
Parables | |
Apostles |
Montesquieu—- a french writer who admires Britain's government system.
Favors separations of powers to keep one body from running government.
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The Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galileo: an astronomer and mathematician, born in Italy. He was known for the development of the scientific method. His interest in stars and celestial bodies resulted in his focus on the telescopes. His discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy and the acceptance of the heliocentric model.
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Nicolaus Copernicus: an astronomer, was born in Poland. He was known for supporting the heliocentric planetary model which was our solar system and planets orbited around the sun despite the Church believing in the geocentric model.
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Isaac Newton: a mathematician, was born in England. Newton was known for major things such as the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and within that book, he supported the usage of the scientific method and the law of gravitation. He is also credited for the creation of calculus which is essential in construction and engineering.
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Leonardo da Vinci: an Italian painter and sculptor, was born in Italy. He was well known for his artistic achievements. But he was also known for his architecture, engineering, and innovative inventions. He contributed to the scientific revolution by theorizing about things like helicopters and scuba gear. Leonardo da Vinci’s ideas were thought to be groundbreaking.
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The Scientific Revolution Overview
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Terms | Definitions |
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Scientific Method | A practice that requires you to formulate a hypothesis, create an experiment, and then gather data to come to a conclusion. |
Telescope | An optional instrument used to magnify images from far distances, specifically planets and stars. |
Heliocentric Model | Puts forth the idea that the sun at the center of our solar system and planets orbit around it. |
Geocentric Model | Puts forth the idea that the Earth is in the center of our solar system, and the sun orbits it. |
Law of Gravitation | Scientific thought says objects are naturally drawn to one another, which creates things like planetary orbits. |
Scientific Revolution | A period of time when new thinkers challenged existing ideas on math, biology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry. |
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Industrial revolution is a period of time in the 18th to the 19th century where new manufacturing processes were increasing in production. It took place in and started Great Britain.
Farmers were finding methods to make crops grow efficiently. So the Agricultural Revolution started, in which crop rotation(rotating the crops grown each year to improve soil health) and selective breeding (only breeding the best livestock to produce the best meat) were made. The Agricultural Revolution sparked the Industrial Revolution.
Terms | Definition |
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Industrialization | which is the process of developing machine production of goods, which requires such resources. |
Factory | machines in large buildings |
Entrepreneur | a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. |
Urbanization | city building and the movement of people to cities. |
Middle class | a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. |
Working class | group consisting of people who are employed in manual or industrial work. |
Stock | certain rights of ownership. |
Corporation | business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. |
laissez faire | the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. |
Capitalism | is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. |
Socialism | An economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. |
Karl Marx | a German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism. |
Communism | as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines,factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. Everyone is at the same level like they have no status, so no one is higher or lower than someone else. |
Union | To press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary labor associations. |
Strike | Refusing to work. |
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American Revolution
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