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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Unit 6: Developmental Psychology
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C

History Study Guide (MP1+MP2)

MODERN WORLD HISTORY \n STUDY GUIDE

\n (WORKING PROGRESS)

Dedication to help you guys pass. - my best friend

Religion

Hinduism

  • Collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over time.
  • No founder with a single set of ideas.

Origins & Beliefs

  • 750-500 B.C. Hindu teachers created Upanishads text of teaching
  • Each person has atman-soul united with all others.
  • In Bahram, in reincarnation, people are reborn to new lives. A soul's good and bad deeds, karma, determines the course of new life.

Over the last 2,500 years different forms of Gods grow in importance. Today, Hindus choose their own path to Moksna - a state of perfect understanding.

Hinduism and Society

  • Hinduism supported the caste system believing the upper class were rich since in their former life they were good while the lower class were poor since they deserved it for their bad deeds.

New religion

  • Jainism, a new religion, arose in 500 B.C. Jainism will not harm any creature. They work in trade, commerce, & practice religious tolerance.

Buddhism

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Founder of Buddhism priests prophesied his greatness.

Siddhartha’s Quest

  • Raised in isolation, Siddhartha's Guatmama wants to learn about the world.
  • Seeks enlightenment ( wisdom ) how to escape human suffering.
  • Tries many methods; gains enlightenment by meditating.
  • Becomes the “Buddha” the “ Enlightened One”
  • Buddha begins to teach followers.
  • Preaches Four Noble Truths - Basic philosophy of Buddhism.
  • Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the Eightfold path to achieve Nirvana.

Nirvana

  • A peach state of understanding.
  • A release from selfishness and pain.

Buddha rejected the caste system and multiple Gods of Hinduisms.

The Four Noble Truths
First Noble TruthLife is filled with suffering and sorrow.
Second Noble TruthThe cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of the world.
Third Noble TruthThe way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
Fourth Noble TruthThe way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.

The Caste System Develops

Aryans are physically distinct from people of India. Four Castes of social classes develop.

  • Priests
  • Warriors
  • Peasants and Traders
  • Laborers

Tip: You stay in the class you were born in for life in Hinduism. People are born into their caste class for life.

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Judaism

Origins & Beliefs

  • Jewish belief in Abraham is considered to be the founding father of Jewish people.
  • God made an agreement with Abraham to create a nation of the Jewish people.
  • Secondly, Moses plays an important prophet who is a teacher of God’s will.
  • After one thousand after Abraham, Egyptians enslaved Jews and Moses led Jews out of slavery to lead them to the promised land, Israel. God and Moses made an agreement and gave the ten commandments, which is the Torah.

The Tanakh is the Hebrew bible and it’s the holy & stories that contain the origins of Jewish belief. The first five books of the Tanakh are called the Torah which are rules to follow on a daily basis.

Key's belief

  • Judaism is the agreement between Abraham & God, Moses' role in leading Jews out of slavery into Israel.
  • Moses gave out the Torah, first five books of the bible. Jews & God having a promise and the Messiah coming.
  • Jews believe in God’s promises to do good and in return to get holiness in their lives. Jews also believe in the Messiah, who is the promised deliverer for the Jews that will be from God one day.

Western Wall is called the Wailing Wall for it is a sacred place for Jewish people. The wall is located in Jerusalem. Last remaining temple of Jewish temple. Jews make it a mission ( Pilgrimage) to visit the Western Wall. The three Judaism branches: Orthodox, The reform movement, Conservative, and

Christianity

Origins & Beliefs

  • Christianity is a monotheistic religion: The belief of only one God.
  • It originates from 1 B.C or 2,000 years ago, and was founded by Jesus Christ.
  • Christians believe Jesus is the promised deliverer (Messiah) of the Jewish people from the Old Testament.
  • The Jews believe the Messiah has not arrived, yet. There are four books of the Gospel.

Christianity and Society

  • Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem around 6 BCE.
  • Christian belief is that his mother, Mary, was a virgin and gave birth to Jesus.
  • He lived near Jerusalem which is modern day Palestine under the rule of the Roman Empire. At the age of 30, he was preaching the word of God.
  • He received followers or apostles, who called themselves Christians.

Jesus used short stories with messages that are called parables. Jesus had 12 disciples who devoted to him and performed miracles. Jesus claimed to have God’s authority, turned over by the Roman empire, and was arrested for heresy. Hersey is rejecting popular religious practices and committing blasphemy: Disrespecting the holy.

Jesus was sent to death and crucified: Death by the nail hanging on a cross. After his death, he was resurrected on the third day. It was Jesus’ resurrection and an act of God. The Holy book, bible, has 66 books which have the Old Testament, part of the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament was written after the resurrection of Jesus and his apostles preaching his teachings.

Paul converted after Jesus’ death and spread the Christian beliefs. Christians began to be persecuted because of their religious beliefs. The Roman emperor, Domitian, made Christianity made it illegal in the Roman Empire.

Depending on the denomination of Christianity, it varies from place to place. Christians worship in churches, chapels, and cathedrals, and worship on Sunday. It has over two billion followers. The Roman emperor, Constantine, legalized Christianity.

Islam

Origins & Beliefs

  • Islam originates from modern-day Saudi Arabia.
  • Islam is the second-largest religion.
  • To Muslims, their holy site is Mecca**.**
  • Muslims use the Islamic calendar called the Heji to know of events, holidays, or rituals. The first month is Muharram, the tenth day of Muharram is known as Ashura. It is a day for fasting, celebration of Noah leaving the ark, Moses saving his people. For Shia Muslims, Ashura celebrated as well the Martyrdom of Hussein in 680 A.D.

During Eid, they bring their own rug and pray in the mosque. At the end of the month, they break their fast and typically eat sweets, cookies, bakery, etc.

Heji is the pilgrimage of Mecca that every Muslims needs to visit and a self-renewal.

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Muhammad

  • Islam’s founder is the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca around 570 C.E.
  • At 40, in a cave by himself praying, the angel Gabriel visited him. He made some revelations and he began preaching. Because of his preaching, his followers and him wanted to be persecuted.
  • They fled and made more followers. After some conflict, the Meccan followers accepted and let them be. He died at 632 C.E.

Sunni v.s. Shia

  • 1,400 years ago, there was a conflict and who was going to be the leader. It was between Fatima and Ali.
  • Fatima is blood related to Muhammad. 80-90% of Muslims believe in Sunni which the majority. While 10% believe in Shia.
  • The Holy book is the Quran. The Quran is recited in Arabic and dictated to Muhammad. Two branches of Islam is Sunni and Shia.
  • Muslims pray in a mosque: A room with words written in ‘Mihrab’ and face the direction of Mecca.

THE FIVE PILLARS

SALAH (PRAYER)ZAHAT (ALMS GIVING)SAWM (FASTING)HAJI (PILGRIMAGE)SHAHADAH (FAITH)
Praying five times a day.To give donations, charities, etc. to the poor from personal wealth.During the months of Ramadan in daylight hours (nine months) they fast.Those who are healthy and stable enough to visit the holy place, Mecca. (Makkah)To believe in one God, Allah and Muhammad being the first prophet.

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Religion Overview

  • Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are considered to Abrahamic religions since Abraham is their first prophet. They are also monotheistic religions: The belief in one God. Creation in the angels, heaven, Earth, judgment day, eternal salvation.

Vocabulary

TermsDefinitions
Nirvana
Torah
Messiah
Pilgrimage
Mosque
Hersey
Parables
Apostles

The Enlightenment

Beliefs of the Philosophers

  • The philosophers are French social critics in the mid-1700s
  • Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

Voltaire Combats Intolerance

  • Voltaire — influential philosopher, pen name of Francois Marie Aorta
  • Publishers many works arguing for tolerance, reason.
  • Makes powerful enemies and is imprisoned twice for his views
  • He believed in freedom of speech & religion.

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers

  • Montesquieu—- a french writer who admires Britain's government system.

  • Favors separations of powers to keep one body from running government.

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Rousseau: Champion of Freedom

  • Rousseau— philosopher who favors individual freedom, direct democracy.
  • Views Social contract as agreement by free people to form government.

Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice

  • Italian philosopher Cesare Bebecca works to reform justice system
  • Calls for speedy trials, greater rights for criminal defendants.

Women and the Enlightenment

  • Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of women’s role
  • Prominent writer Mary Wollstonecraft urge greater rights for women
  • argues women need quality education to be virtuous and useful
  • urges women to go into traditionally male professions like politics and medicine/health.

The Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galileo: an astronomer and mathematician, born in Italy. He was known for the development of the scientific method. His interest in stars and celestial bodies resulted in his focus on the telescopes. His discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy and the acceptance of the heliocentric model.

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Nicolaus Copernicus: an astronomer, was born in Poland. He was known for supporting the heliocentric planetary model which was our solar system and planets orbited around the sun despite the Church believing in the geocentric model.

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Isaac Newton: a mathematician, was born in England. Newton was known for major things such as the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and within that book, he supported the usage of the scientific method and the law of gravitation. He is also credited for the creation of calculus which is essential in construction and engineering.

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Leonardo da Vinci: an Italian painter and sculptor, was born in Italy. He was well known for his artistic achievements. But he was also known for his architecture, engineering, and innovative inventions. He contributed to the scientific revolution by theorizing about things like helicopters and scuba gear. Leonardo da Vinci’s ideas were thought to be groundbreaking.

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The Scientific Revolution Overview

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TermsDefinitions
Scientific MethodA practice that requires you to formulate a hypothesis, create an experiment, and then gather data to come to a conclusion.
TelescopeAn optional instrument used to magnify images from far distances, specifically planets and stars.
Heliocentric ModelPuts forth the idea that the sun at the center of our solar system and planets orbit around it.
Geocentric ModelPuts forth the idea that the Earth is in the center of our solar system, and the sun orbits it.
Law of GravitationScientific thought says objects are naturally drawn to one another, which creates things like planetary orbits.
Scientific RevolutionA period of time when new thinkers challenged existing ideas on math, biology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry.

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Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution is a period of time in the 18th to the 19th century where new manufacturing processes were increasing in production. It took place in and started Great Britain.

Farmers were finding methods to make crops grow efficiently. So the Agricultural Revolution started, in which crop rotation(rotating the crops grown each year to improve soil health) and selective breeding (only breeding the best livestock to produce the best meat) were made. The Agricultural Revolution sparked the Industrial Revolution.

TermsDefinition
Industrializationwhich is the process of developing machine production of goods, which requires such resources.
Factorymachines in large buildings
Entrepreneura person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.
Urbanizationcity building and the movement of people to cities.
Middle classa social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers.
Working classgroup consisting of people who are employed in manual or industrial work.
Stockcertain rights of ownership.
Corporationbusiness owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
laissez fairethe economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.
Capitalismis an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
SocialismAn economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Karl Marxa German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
Communismas a form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines,factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. Everyone is at the same level like they have no status, so no one is higher or lower than someone else.
UnionTo press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary labor associations.
StrikeRefusing to work.

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American Revolution

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Glossary

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Chapter 4: Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus and Economic Efficiency
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Unit 6: Developmental Psychology
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