APUSH
Final Review Guide

___

Unit One

Pre-Colonial Era: 

Central and South America (Three major civilizations): 

• Large Urban Centers

• Complex political systems 

• Well-formed religions

1. Aztecs

   1. Established in Meso-america 

   2. Referred to themselves as the Mexica

   3. Capital city called Tenochtitlan

      1. Home to 300,000 people

   4. Had written language 

   5. Complex irrigation systems

   6. Upheld cult of fertility both for the land and the people

      1. Upheld by human sacrifice

2. Mayas

   1. Established in the Yucatan peninsula 

   2. Developed large cities 

   3. Used complex irrigation systems & water storage

   4. Built temples and palaces for those they believed to have descended from the gods 

3. Incas

   1. Established in the Andes Mountains (pacific coast) 

      1. Modern day Peru

   2. Ruled 16 mill. Ppl at its height 

   3. Relied on fertile mountain valleys 

      1. Grew potatoes, other crops 

   4. Watered by complex irrigation systems 

• All cultivated Maize 

  • Advanced irrigation and cultivation of societies. 

Southwest

1. Pueblos

   1. Established in present-day new Mexico and Arizona 

   2. Sedentary population 

      1. Stayed in one placed & didn’t move around

   3. Farmers (maize mostly) 

   4. Build adobe and masonry homes

      1. In the open and sides of cliffs

   5. Organized society

      1. Administrative offices

      2. Religious centers

      3. Craft shops

Great Plains/ Great Basin Regions 

2. Ute

   1. Nomadic People

      1. Hunting and gathering (needed land) 

Pacific Northwest

1. Chinook

   1. Lived by the sea

      1. Settled into fishing villages 

   2. Relied on elk 

   3. Built giant plank houses out of the great ceder trees 

      1. Housed 70 members

2. Chumash 

   1. Lived in the same area

   2. Hunters and gatherers 

      1. Lived in permanent settlements 

      2. Lived in places in places with enough vegetation to support hunting and gathering lifestyle 

Mississippi River Valley

1. Hopewell People

   1. Had fertile soil surrounding societies 

      1. Stayed in permanent settlements

      2. Relied on farming 

   2. Lived in towns of 4-6 thousand people

   3. Traded with people as far as florida and the rocky mountain 

2. Cahokia 

   1. Settlements of between 10-30,000 people 

      1. Government led by powerful chieftains 

         1. Engaged in extensive trade networks 

Northeast 

1. Iroquois 

   1. Lived in villages made up of several hundred people 

   2. Grew maize, squash, & beans 

   3. Built and lived in longhouses

      1. 30-50 family members 

European Exploration

Motivations for exploration: 

1. Population Growth:

   1. Repopulating after the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) 

2. Political unification:

   1. Individual Euro. states were experiencing political unifications 

      1. Resulted in centralized governments led by powerful monarchs 

3. Economic Growth:

   1. Rise of wealthy upper class seeking luxury goods from Asia

Land-based Trade routes (Problems):

1. Land-based trade routes across Afro-Eurasia were controlled by muslims

2. Euopeans were unable to establish an exchange of goods with Asia on their own terms 

Portugal’s Solution

1. (Portugal was led by…) Prince Henry the Navigator led an expedition to find a water-based trade route to Asia. 

2. Established a trading post empire along the African coast

   1. Utilized maritime technology 

      1. Caravels: nimble and dedicated naval ships 

      2. Updated maritime charts and astronomical tables : for planning routes 

      3. Astrolabe and sternpost rudder: borrowed technology for navigation 

Spain Entry into Exploration: 

1. Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand united Spain and sought out to establish trade route to Asia

   1. Additional motive: Spreading Christianity 

2. Established trading posts in Africa, Asia, and India

Christpher Columbus and His Exploration of the Americas:

1. Columbus sought sponsorship from Spain to find a route to Asia by traveling west 

2. Isabella and Ferdinand supported his voyage

   1. Opportunity to bypass portuguese control of African Routes

In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue!

1. Landed in the Caribbean 

2. Named the inhabitants “Indians” 

   1. Believed he had reached the East Indies

3. Columbus spotted gold (jewelry) 

   1. Told spain of the gold

   2. Enslaved some natives

4. The Columbian Exchange began. 

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange: The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

Diseases

• Europe, Asia, Africa had developed immunity to smallpox

  • Natives had not, when exposed millions of natives died

Food

America  introduced …to Europe:

• Maize

• Tomato

• Potatoes 

• Cacao

• Tobacco

Africa and Europe  introduced … to America:

• Rice 

• Wheat

• Soybean

• Rye

• Oats

• Lemons

• Oranges

Animals

From Europe to the Americas:

• Horses

  • Revolutionized farming and warfare

• Pigs & Cattle

  • Changed the diet of natives

• Chicken

Minerals  

1. Spanish took  vasts amounts of gold and silver from the Aztecs and Incas

   1. Attracted lots of European colonizers

   2. Started a period of  economic growth for the europeans 

People

1. Native americans enslaved 

   1. Taken to spain 

2. Enslaved Africans transferred to the Americas

   1. Sold for bondage (enslavement)

   2. Transferred over by the middle passage 

      1. Many died along the way

Economic systems (of Europe)

1. Feudalism

   1. Peasants worked and lived on farms of nobles in  exchange for protection

      1. Influx of wealth quickly ended feudalism 

   2. Replaced with  capitalism 

      1. Private ownership

      2. Free and open  exchange between property owners

Mercantilism 

1. Dominant economic system of Europe at this time 

2. Depended on heavy government direction & intervention 

Joint-Stock Companies funded exploration 

African Slave Trade

Enslavement before Europeans got involved:

1. Consisted of prisoners of war people 

2. Slaves had some legal rights 

3. Bondage was not perm.

4. Never inheritable 

Europeans established ports on the african coast

1. Traded goods for enslaved people

   1. Most desired goods were guns 

Justification for slavery

• Africans were strange to the Europeans 

  • Strange customs and languages 

  • Created justifications for enslavement 

Spain brought African slaves to the Americas to solve a labor problem.

• Native Americans made bad slaves 

Encomienda system  - system where leading men (Encomenderos) were granted portion of land, natives who lived on land became the coerced labor force

1. Farming and/or mining

Justified on religious grounds 

2. Monarchs of Spain issued a legal document 

   1. Requerimiento 

      1. Granted monarchs the power to claim whatever land in the Americas to try and convert whomever was there

         1. Used priests (if natives submitted, gained protection of the crown, if they didn’t could be subjugated or killed)

Encomienda system didn’t work as natives kept dying to disease + knew the land better (they could easily escape) 

• Africans made better slaves as they were more immune + didn’t know the land as much

Spainards composed a caste system in the americas. 

• Needed a way to implore taxes orderly 

  • Those at the bottom was taxed more

• Based on racial ancestry

  • Top was people born in spain 

  • Bottom was africans and native americans

Spain decided to send missionaries to convert the natives to Christianity. 

Natives: Pantheists/ Animists

• Believed in a natural world filled with spirits 

• Believe land was not a commodity

  • Should not be bought and sold 

• Extended families ranging from 50-70 members 

Spanish

• Catholic

• Believed in a singular deity 

• Believed land existed for private ownership

• Focused on nuclear family (parents and children)

Pueblo Revolt: 

• Mission system forced conversion of many Pueblo people

• Pueblo blamed their troubles of the spanish invaders and their Christ

  • Pope led the pueblo to revolt and kill 400 spanish invaders 

    • Burned their churches to the ground

Unit Two

Spanish colonization 

1. Extract wealth ( gold, silver, cash crops)

   1. Under the encomienda system, enslaved natives 

2. Convert to christianity 

French Colonization:

• Europeans, (french, british, dutch) started entering the americas

  • Mainly focused on trade

    • Established trading settlements around NA

    • Married native american women to have kinship ties to trading networks 

Dutch Colonization: 

• Main Goal: Economic

  • Fur trading center on Hudson River

  • Established New Amsterdam

    • Attracted traders, merchants, fisherman, and farmers.

British Colonization:

Motivation: 

Economic opportunities- land to seek those opportunities

Religious freedom- improved living conditions

Chesapeake colony: 

1. Established in Jamestown  

   1. first permanent British colonial settlement in North America

2. Financed by a joint stock company, a private business entity where investors put money in and collected profits

   1. purely a profit-seeking

   2. mainly grew tobacco

   3. Used indentured servants

New England colony:

1. Established by pilgrims 

   1. Migrated in family units

   2. For religious freedom

2. Grew crops and traded

British West Indies and Southern Atlantic Coast Colonies:

1. Grew tobacco and sugarcane

   1. Sugarcane was labor intensive, needed more slaves 

   2. Population became more black than white, laws made to define slaves as property

The Middle colonies:

Pennsylvania: Founded by Quaker and Pacifist William Penn

1. Place for religious freedom 

2. Land was obtained through negotiation with Natives

Government:

1. Unusually democratic 

   1. Mayflower compact, signed by pilgrims 

      1. Organized government on the model of a self-governing church congregation

   2. The House of Burgesses in Virginia 

      1. Assembly that could levy taxes and pass laws

         1. Consisted of elite classes

The Atlantic Trade System:

1. Merchants carried rum from New England to West Africa, where they traded it for enslaved people.

2. The ships sailed the Middle Passage, with their hulls packed to a cruel and unhealthy measure with enslaved cargo.

3. The ships made landfall in the West Indies, where they traded the slaves for sugar cane, which was then taken back to New England.

Mercantilism- Economic system where wealth was fixed, measured by gold and silver. 

• The goal was to gain as much wealth as possible by exporting more goods than imports. (results in an inflow of gold and silver)

Navigation Acts:

The British government passed the Navigation Acts, which required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies and English-owned ships. Certain valuable trade items were also required to pass exclusively through British ports, where they could be taxed

Slavery Resistance: 

1. Secretly maintain cultural customs & belief systems 

   1. Breaking tools 

   2. Ruining stored seeds

   3. Faking illness

2. Stono Rebellion 

Metacom’s War: Conflict between the British and the Wampanoag Indians

1. Led by Metacom, chief of the Wampanoag Indians 

   1. Resisted British invasion on their ancestral lands

Enlightenment: Religious movement

1. Natural Rights: Inborn rights given to people by a creator not a government 

2. Social Contract: The idea that people are in a contract with the government (rights for protection) if broken, government can be overthrown 

3. Separation of powers: Checks and balances split between Three branches

Enlightenment attacked religious authority, led to loss of faith.

1. A group of Christian colonial ministers (New Light Clergy) began to preach against abandonment and emphasized democratic principles of the Bible. 

The Great Awakening

1. Massive religious revival 

2. Generated intense Christian enthusiasm 

   1. Bound colonists together

Causes of the French and Indian War: 

Territorial disputes in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British caused the war to begin in 1754. 

Unit Three:

Effects of the French and Indian War:

The war was expensive and caused their national debt to double. In order to pay back these debts, the British government raised taxes on the American colonies. The colonies politically belonged to the British so the British government believed that they should help bear the financial burdens of the war. 

Salutary Neglect in Relation to Nationalism 

(ideas that they are basically independent of a nation):

In the Navigation Acts, Parliament restricted trade to British merchants and British ships but failed to enforce them properly and there was no need to as the parliament didn’t need the money. 

Effect of the Navigation Acts: 

It led the colonists to believe that they were more independent than the British king and parliament believed them to be. 

Pontiac’s Rebellion: (Background information)

The land under the Ohio River valley is now under British control. The American colonists wanted more land and began to push westward. This intensified the conflicts of the native americans who lived there.

Pontiac’s Rebellion:

The Ottowa leader Pontiac led raids against the colonists, Detroit, and other military forts in Virginia and Pennsylvania in an attempt to push them back. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763.

Treaty Of Paris 1763:

King George began to worry about the cost of the war so he proposed a treaty with the Americans signed in September 1763. 

Stamp Act of 1765: 

The British imposed a tax on all printed paper items in the colonies. 

Effect of the Stamp Act:

This sparked the idea of  “Taxation without Representation” The colonists believed that it was unfair to have the British government be able to tax them when they essentially had no representatives in the parliament. The British government argued that they had virtual representation. The members of parliament represented the interests of all British classes and not on locations. The Colonists still believed that the only way they could be represented was through their people.

Townshend Acts:

Imposed taxes on tea, glass, and paper which were imported into the colonies. The colonists began to boycott British goods.

Boston Massacre: 

The American colonists harassed the soldiers by throwing snowballs and rocks. Someone fired a gun and the soldiers began shooting the colonists. This angered the colonists. Judged it as unjust and an increasing act of tyranny. 

The Boston Tea Party: 

When the British began taxing tea, the colonists were angered and dumped 45 tons of tea into Boston Harbor. 

Continental Congress of 1774: 

Leaders from the colonies gathered together to resist further violations of their liberties at the hands of parliament. They wanted to remain British subjects. They believed strongly in natural rights (people are born with certain rights that can not be taken away by a monarchy or government) and were influenced by a social contract. 

Declaration of Independence: 

A document to declare independence from the British government. It was heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and a social contract. Presented and adopted on July 2 and shown to the public on July 4th. 

Loyalist Ideas: 

People who wanted to stay loyal to the British government and disliked the idea of independence. 

Patriots: 

People who were against the British Government. 

Battle of Saratoga: The importance of the Battle of Saratoga was that Ben Franklin was able to persuade the French to ally with the colonies because it gave hope that the colonies could win against the British. The French loaned guns, money, and men to help the colonies fight in the war. 

Lexington and Concord: The war that began the American Revolutionary War. Joseph Warren learned that British troops would march to Concord the next day and warned the people that the British were coming.  They warned the people of Lexington and Concord. The British were met with a small group of armed militia. 

Battle of Yorktown: The British began suffering more and more defeats, and were beginning to be worn down. They caused Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown to link up with the British navy but they closed off their supply and forced Cornwallis to surrender. 

Republican Womanhood: Ideas that women were vital to a healthy society. They believed that women should be educated to teach their sons about republican ideals. 

Abigail Adams: One of the most influential women in this period. She demanded equal rights for married women and property rights for women. Women should be more active in decision-making than serving their women. 

Shay’s Rebellion: 

Merchants were in loads of debt when they came back from the war. Many of the merchants could not pay these taxes because of inflation, new tax laws, and because they were at war. The petition for relief but the legislatures refused. Daniel Shay gathered a bunch of merchants and led a rebellion. They traveled down north to get weapons but were stopped by a small militia. 

This showed that the Articles were flawed because there was no strong central government and no president to send federal troops to help shut down the rebellion. 

Articles of Confederation: (Pros and Cons)

Pros: 

Each state could retain its sovereignty, freedom, and independence

Congress could declare war, make treaties, borrow money, print money, and use funds from the state. 

Cons: 

Lacked the power to tax

No executive

Each state had veto power in any changes in the articles 

No judiciary branch

Hard to make laws and change amendments 

Laws were not being passed

XYZ Affair: The French were attacking American ships and imports. Sent three diplomats to France to negotiate but didn’t want to pay them for them to stop attacking American ships. Many Americans including George Washington wanted to go to war with France but Adams wanted to negotiate with the French once more. This is named the XYZ affair because this is what they named the French representatives who wanted a bribe, showing the world that the US wanted to be treated with respect. 

Alien and Sedation Acts: Congress passed this bill to John Adams. This allowed the president to throw own any foreigners she deemed necessary and made it illegal to talk badly about the president. Argued that this violated the First Amendment. 

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions: They sought to oppose federal laws that the democratic republicans felt were unconstitutional. It said that the states could nullify federal laws if it was deemed unconstitutional. 

Robert Morris: Funded the a lot American Revolution with his own money

Pickney’s Treaty: It resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control.

Committees of Correspondence: The three main goals of the committees were to establish a system of communication with other assemblies in the other colonies, educate the townspeople on their political rights, and obviously, rally support to the cause of American independence against British rule.

Talked about what was happening in their towns, and colonies, and talked about what the British were doing and what they should do against the British. They would print out what they said and it would be shared amongst the colonies. 

They helped colonies organize and communicate with the British. Set up a basic system of government. 

Unit Four:

Chapter 7: The Jefferson Presidency (1801-1809)

Domestic Issues:

• Jefferson, an Anti-Federalist and Democratic-Republican

• Removal of 69 out of 433 Federalist officeholders appointed by Adams

• Revolution of 1800: Peaceful transfer of power between rival parties

• Policies:

  • Managed Bank of the United States

  • Fiscal policies: Reduced national debt from $83 million to $45 million (1801-1812)

  • Land acquisition initiatives for farm families

    • Reduced land price from $2 per acre to $1.25

    • Allowed illegal squatters to purchase farms

    • Eased credit terms

Political Dynamics:

• Federalist strength: New England and manufacturing areas

• Republican strength: Rural and Southern communities

• Limitation of federal government powers:

  • Abolition of whiskey tax

  • Marbury v. Madison: Established judicial review

The Louisiana Purchase (1802):

• Acquisition of 828,000 square miles from France for $15 million

• Doubled the size of the United States

• Napoleon's desire to sell due to failure in Haiti and fear of American intervention

• Forced Jefferson to reconsider strict interpretation of the Constitution

International Issues:

• Conflict with Barbary Pirates from North Africa

• Costly war with Barbary States over tribute demands

• Tensions with Britain and France, leading to the War of 1812 during Madison's presidency

APUSH
Chapters 7-12

___

Notes

Introduction: What is the Market Revolution?

Market Revolution: The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation. 

• Different regional sectors became a singular economic entity

  • America went from an agrarian society to a capitalist society.

The Market Revolution improved the lives of Americans, especially in the cities.

• Gave people

  • Larger houses

  • Iron stoves

  • Better made clothes 

Innovations in transportation

Cumberland Road connected Maryland on the east coast to Illinois.

The Erie Canal was built to ship goods and raw materials on water.

Farms grew and produced goods for distant, not local, markets and shipped them via inexpensive transportation like the Erie Canal.

Steamboat

• This could travel upstream

• Increased the efficiency of trade

Railroads replaced canals soon after

Industrial Technology

Interchangeable parts:

• Before artisans had to make manufactured products that required skilled labor

  • Took a long time

• Factories can produce individual parts

• Workers can put them together

  • Much more efficient

Agriculture 

Cotton gin led to the invention of the spinning machine.

What was the Cotton Gin?

An invention that significantly speed up the process of separating cotton seeds from cotton fibers

A spinning machine turned the cotton into yarn.

Effects: 

• This caused a significant amount of cotton to be shipped

Cash Crops

Subsistence farming (farming for themselves to survive) turned into commercial farming 

• Focused on growing cash crops like tobacco or cotton

  • Were grown exclusively to be traded

Because of the increasing innovation in technology, transportation, and industry, the different regions of America were growing increasingly interconnected economically. 

Market Revolution Effect on Society

Migration

New wave of merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and landlords developed

New tax policies also occurred alongside the accumulation of wealth.

• Europeans caused industrial cities to grow in both size and diversity

  • Irish came because of the potato famine

  • Germans came cause of crop failures

Many worked in industrial systems (immigrants worked cheap labor)

• Provided labor

• Changed the landscape by bringing their culture with them

The middle class developed in the North

• Education and temperance were a big deal

• Money to spend on leisure 

• Dressed in well-tailored clothing

  • Rode in fancy carriages 

  • Bought expensive furnished houses

    • Had butlers and servants

The lower class lived in bad neighborhoods

• Jammed tiny apartments

Woman

• Expected to have babies, raise them, and provide them with a home while the husband worked (middle class)

  • Women would wash clothes 

  • Men and sons carry lumber and bricks, load ships, dig dirt/stones

• Laboring class women worked in fields or factories all-day

  • 12 -13 hours a day

  • Low wages

The Lowell Factory

• Former New England farm girls who were closely supervised by their bosses 

• Bosses effectively controlled every aspect of their lives

  • Including what they did in their free time

Textile factories in Lowell, Mass employed textile workers, commonly known as mill girls.

• Women and children with farming backgrounds

Expanding Democracy

Panic 1819

The second bank of the U.S. enforced stricter lending policies in an attempt to control inflation.

• Caused state banks to closed

  • Bc of the restriction of funds

• Decrease in the goods of cotton

• People in debt went to prison 

By 1825, eastern states joined with western counterparts 

• Eliminated or lowered property qualifications for voting 

Rival Factions

Democrats v. National Republicans

• Two rival factions within the Democratic-Republican party

National Republicans

1. Expansive view of federal power

2. Loose constructionism

   1. Interpreting constitution loosely

Democrats: Led by Andrew Jackson

1. Limited federal power 

2. Strict constructionism

   1. Government can do anything not written in the constitution

3. Local rule

4. Free trade

Against: 

1. Corporate Monopolies

2. High Tariffs

3. National Bank

Whigs: Led by Henry Clay

1. Vigorous and involved central government

2. National Bank

3. Protective Tariffs

4. Federally funded internal improvements

Against:

1. Crimes being committed by immigrants

Presidential election

What happened?

Four candidates: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson

• John Quincy Adams let others do his campaigning

• Andrew Jackson did his own 

• Jackson won the popular vote 

• None of the candidates won the majority in the Electoral College votes

• The constitution concluded that the decision was to be left in the hands of the House

• Clay who came in fourth, supported Adams

  • He convinced the House to vote in favor of Adams

• After Adams became president, he named Clay secretary of state.

• Jackson and his supporters were furious and called this a Corrupt Bargain

Democratic-Republicans choose four candidates, making it nearly impossible for one candidate to win a majority.

Jackson and Federal Power

Tariffs: Tax on imported goods

Protective tariff: Raises prices on foreign-made goods so domestic-made goods are more desirable

High tariffs= domestically made goods 

Tariff of 1828: Raised duties on imports by 35-45%

• Beneficial for the North but disadvantageous for the South

  • They relied heavily on imported goods 

Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification

• If a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, they could ignore it and nullify it.

Force Bill: Jackson had the authority to respond to this with military force

Southern states backed off and the Force Bill was nullified

Second Bank of America

• Stabilized the economy

  • Shut down several state banks as a result

    • Couldn’t pay the payments to the national bank

  • Left people with worthless paper money 

Jackson believed that the national bank was unconstitutional because it made the rich richer and the poor poorer.

Internal Improvements

American System authorized roads and canals to be built with federal authority, it divided those in the rival political camps. 

Whig:

• Believed money should be spent on infrastructure as it was a necessary part of keeping the nation connected.

Jacksonian:

• Such spending is unconstitutional

• Federal overreach

Indian Removal

Indian Removal Act of 1830: The Georgian government saw the Cherokees as houseguests and when gold was found on their land, they forced them to move. 

Supreme Court sided with the Cherokees and said that Georgia had no right to impose state laws within Cherokee territory. 

Treaty of New Echota

• Officially exchanged Cherokee land in the east for reservation territory west of the Mississippi.

Trail of Tears:

• Many sickness and death along the way

  • Not prepared for the harsh, long journey

• Some hid a stayed behind

  • Eventually became citizens of Georgia

The Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation.

Market revolution: 

• They realized that salvation was in their hands 

  • Came from the realization in the economy their success was in their hands.

• If they control themselves they could reach eternal salvation/everlasting bliss.

Democratic and individualistic beliefs:

• Lower classes

• People who were equal in power 

Religious Reform

Sought to reform Christianity 

Believed that the church of Jesus has strayed from the true teachings of  Christ.

The Book of Mormon was written by the prophet.

Temperance

Avoidance of alcoholic beverages 

Created by Christian Protestants who wanted to cure social ills by abandoning alcohol

• Believed that temperance would reduce crime

• Increase productivity

Abolitionism 

Second Great Awakening showed to many that slavery was harmful

American Anti-slavery society

• The belief that slavery was bad

• Went as far as burning the Constitution in the belief that it was a pro-slave document

Women’s Rights

• They wanted to advocate for abolitionism 

  • Didn’t have a strong enough political force

  • Needed more rights for themselves 

Slavery

Dehumanization 

• Used their African names instead of English names 

  • An attempt to preserve heritage and culture

• Told folk tales

  • Music

  • Dance

• Continued customs with Allah if they were Muslim

Rebellion

• Slave rebellion was greatly feared by the slave-holding elite

Nat Turner’s rebellion

• Began killing their master 

• Killed 57 white people

• Virginia planters panicked, killing many of their slaves 

The effects: 

1. Many southern legislatures made it illegal to free slaves

2. Can't teach an enslaved person how to read or write

3. Enslaved cannot marry 

4. Ablioished access to the courts

Slavery as a Positive Good 

The belief that slaves wouldn’t be accepted into society or know what to do if they were free so it was a good thing that they were slaves because they wouldn’t have to worry about housing or food. It was for their own good that they stayed slaves.

• Slaves were no more than farm animals & slavery was actually beneficial for them

Chapter 19 - The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities

The development/ changes of industries:

• steam engines

  • mill operators could now use reliable water-driven power

• railroad links

  • allowed iron makers to travel for access to coal and ore fields.

• steam power

  • creation of plants offered more jobs

  • plants that employ thousands of workers create small cities

• port cities served as immigrant gateways

  • offered cheap labor to immigrants

Mass Transit and the Suburb:

1870s-  Steam-driven cable cars

1887-  Electric Trolley System

• quickly became the primary mode for transportation.

  • frequent accidents

  • congestion (traffic)

    • led to the decline of trolleys

1879- The "Elevated Railroad"

• safer alternative to trolleys

• 1897 - a short underground line was created

The Rise of Suburbs:

1. The arrival of railroads led to the growth of suburbs.

   • Originally, high costs of transportation caused working class residents to live close to work.

   • After railroads were implemented, many began to build houses on large lots in outlying towns.

2. Alexander Graham Bell's telephone (1876)

   • allowed suburban wives and businessmen to stay in touch during the workday

Skyscrapers- (1880s)

First skyscraper built in 1885 called William Le Baron Jenney's ten-story Home Insurance Building

• expensive

• allowed for 10-20 floors of more space

The Electric City-

• Gaslight was too dim to brighten streets and public space

• Gaslight was replaced Electric light

  • electric light made people feel safer on streets

• 1878- Charles F. Brush's electric arc lamps created and installed

• Thomas Edison's invention of the lightbulb allowed electric lights to enter homes

Newcomers and Neighborhoods:

• immigrants traveled from overseas to the Americas

  • faced many difficulties

    • language barrier

    • discrimination

• Living conditions: Needed cheap housing near their jobs

  • cramped living conditions led to spread of diseases

  • infant mortality rate spikes

• Led to the creations of "New York's Tenement House Law of 1901" (Did not apply to already but tenements)

Blacks:

• blacks faced "race riots", attacks by white mobs triggered by altercations of  rumors of crimes

  • Atlanta race riot: fueled by a political campaign created based off false "negro crimes"

    • lynched 2 barbers after seizing their shops

    • rioters killed > 24 blacks

    • wounded > 100

  • More Race Riots: 1900- NYC, Tenderloin 1903- Indiana, Evansville  1908- Illinois, Springfield

• relentlessly turned away from manufacturing jobs ( mostly blacks)

  • became porters, laundry women, domestic servants, etc.

City Cultures:

Vaudeville (1880s -1890s)- allowed customers to walk in and watch musical acts, skits, juggling, magic shows, and other entertainment.

• appealed to the working class and middle class

• allowed for others to come by ferry to escape the hot city

Ragtime - Music became a booming business

• played on phonograph cylinders

• syncopated rhythm created the "ragdoll" genre

• ushered a urban dance craze

  • led to the creation of more than 5000 dance halls

• Black music became popular in American pop culture known as the "blues"

  • spoke to the emotional lives of young people who were far from home

    • loneliness

    • bitter disappointment with the thrills of urban life

Sex and the City:

• dating became more popular (esp. among young people)

• the term gold digger was coined

• Charity girls- girls more focused on having a good time rather than dating with the strict standards of respectability.

  • men often paid for women as they got paid less

• Creation of gay clubs and meeting places in NY

  • creation of the word "homosexual" and "queer" (1910s)

Urban High Culture:

• rise of great cities created museums, libraries, and other cultural institutions

  • nations first major art museum "The Corcoran Gallery of Art" (1869)

  • The greatest library funded by Andrew Carnegie

    • spent more than 32.7 mill to establish libraries throughout the US

• Millionaires patronized art

  • advance themselves socially

  • maintain a sense of civic duty and national pride

Investigative Journalism:

Joseph Pulitzer

• owner of St.Louis Post-Dispatch and New York Journal

  • targeted...

    • sports

    • high fashion

    • high society

William Randolph Hearst went toe to toe with Pulitzer

• Pulitzer's prices increased, newsstand prices dropped

• Often filled with scandals, sob stories (emotion)

  • often irresponsible

Color Comics created - F.G Outcault's "The Yellow Kid (1894)

• yellow journalism (came from the yellow kid)- a derogatory term used for mass market newspapers

Newspapers exposed many injustices including the abuse of power by large corporations and threats to the public.

Helen Campbell- her research and reports on tenement conditions in "Prisoners of Poverty (1887)"

Jacob Riis- made use of the invention of flash photography

• created his famous "How the Other Half Lives"

• Had an impact on President Theodore Roosevelt

Ida Tarbell- exposed the machinations of John D. Rockefeller and David Graham

Muckrakers- what Roosevelt called these reporters as he believed they focused too much on the negative side of American life

• Many of these works influence thousands of readers

  • inspired them to get involved in reform movements

Urban Machines:

Private city- a place shaped by individuals, all pursuing their own goals and bent on making money

Political Machines- Local party bureaucracies that kept a grip on both elected and appointed public offices.

• A party org. headed by a single boss of an autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political/administrative control over a city, state, or county.

Tammany Hall-

Machines dispensed jobs, arranged urban services, and devoted their energy to staying in office.

• provided jobs for the jobless (Mostly immigrants)

  • emergency aid, etc.

• helping families with recent deaths

  • go to funerals

  • bring gifts

  • listen to troubles

• asked for their votes in return

• mainly targeted immigrants

• manipulated gov. activities through "Kickbacks" and bribes

  • mostly observed in cities

  • by overbilling the city for goods and services

    • receiving the money through kickbacks

William Marcy Tweed known as "Boss Tweed" (1860s)

• made Tammany Hall known for corruption

• brought down in 1871

  • taken down largely through political cartoons made by Thomas Nast

    • Most famously "Tammany Tiger Loose" & "Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to Blow Over"

    • Both made in 1871

• stole over 200 mill.

• favored "honest grafts" - profits that came from insiders who knew where/when to buy land

Machine Style Gov. Sucesses:  (wealthy neighborhoods)

• allowed for companies to bring clean water, gaslight, operate streetcars, and remove garbage

• creation of public proj- sewage systems, bridges, parks

Machines and private allies flourished while city funding struggled for legitimate cash.

• poor neighborhoods struggled in filth

Depression of the 1890s- homelessness and hunger at an all time high

• newspapers reported on cases of starvation, desperation, & suicide

• 83 labor strikes from 1893-1898

• Labor Union and middle class allies built a local branch (People's Party)

  • demanded stronger gov measures against corrupt power

Crucibles of Progressive Reform:

Progressivism- an overlapping set of movements to combat the ills of industrialization

• news reporters drew attention to corrupt city gov. the abuse of power by large corporations & threat to public health

Helen Campbell- reported on tenement conditions of the poor "Prisoners of Poverty" (1887)

Jacob Riis- using flash photography used photographs in his famous "How the Other Half Lives" (1890)

• influenced Roosevelt to help understand the problems of poverty, disease, and crime

Diseases:

• Disease spread quickly throughout cities- cholera, typhoid fever, yellow fever, etc

  • led to cities and state officials to create more public health projects

    • clean water act

    • better garbage collection

    • many adopted smoke-reducing laws

    • adoption of natural gas (burned cleaner than coal)

• Hygiene reformers taught hand-washing techniques

• 20th century- "City Beautiful" movement

  • advocate more/better park spaces

Closing Red Light Districts:

• campaigns against urban prostitution

  • large number of young white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution (called it "white slavery")

• prostitution occurred due to: 

  • low wage jobs

  • economic desperations

  • abandonment

  • sexual/ domestic abuse

  • women with child out of wedlock

• focused on arresting men who hired prostitutes

Mann Act- made it illegal to transport prostitutes across state lines

Movement for Social Settlements:

• focused on building a creative new institution

  • raised funds to address urgent needs of the poor

Hull House- first, most famous social settlement founded by Jane Addams in 1889

• helped poor women, immigrants, and children adjust to the city life

• provided bathhouse,  daycare, etc.

• inspired other settlement houses throughout the country

Settlement workers often fought for city hall to get better schools

• lobbied state legislatures for new workplace safety laws

Margaret Sanger (nurse) - horrified by the amount of women getting pregnant

• launched a crusade for "birth control"

• Her newspaper column helped her launch a national birth control movement.

Settlements created a new profession- Social work.

Cities and National Politics:

Upton Sinclair - "The Jungle" described the conditions in meatpacking plants

• filthy packing conditions

• rotten meat

• led to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Josephine Shaw Lowell- help founded New York "Consumers" League to improve wages and working conditions for female store clerks (1890) became National Consumers Leauge (1899)

Women's Trade Union Leauge (NY, 1903)

• financed by wealthy women to fight for women's rights

• labor org that began in a state and grew to a national stature

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: (March 25, 1911)

• fire quickly spread

• employers locked emergency doors to prevent theft

• 146 employees died

  • many died by jumping of high story floors

  • others died by fire

• led to the creation of 56 laws dealing with fire hazards, unsafe machines, wages, working hours for women/children

Afred Smith- NY legislature and future presidential candidate established a commission to investigate disaster

• helped inspire new laws

Frances Perkins- saw the fire from Columbia Uni.

• became the first women appointed to a presidential cabinet

Chapter 20

Electoral Politics After Reconstruction:

• Control of Congress changed between Republicans and Democrats often

• Republicans wanted to raise tariffs

• Both engaged in vote buying or other forms of fraud

Gilded Age- when politics were corrupt and stagnant

• coined by Mark Twain in his 1873 novel

• a rising of poverty, pollution, and erosion of worker's rights

  • 1880s- congress passed important new federal measures to clean up corruption and reign in corporate power

• early stage of the Progressive era

James Garfield shot by Guiteau.

• many blamed the spoils system

• Pendleton Act (1883) was passed

  • establish Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination

  • beneficial for middle class applicants who can do well on tests

• Mugwumps- Liberal republicans that did not support James Blaine in 1884

Grover Cleveland:

• 2 non-consecutive terms, more vetoed bills than any president

• Signed interstate commerce act- sought to limit powers of corporations (railroads)

Republican Activism:

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)- first federal attempt to forbid any combinations "In the form of trust or otherwise"

• The act was often used to curb the power of unions, not corporations

President Benjamin Harrison

• sought to protect black voting rights in the South

• found allies in congress

• drafted Lodge Bill (1890) / Federal Elections Bill- if 100 citizens appealed for intervention, federal board intervenes to seat the rightful winner

  • bill was killed

Chapter 21: The U.S becomes a global power

Foundations of Empire:

Severe economic depression of the 1890s led to

• high unemployment

• mass protests

this led to ideas that American workers would embrace socialism or Marxism.

Socialism- a political/economic system in which production and property have public ownership and are not controlled by the gov.

Marxism- Social/political/economical philosophy abt the struggle between social classes.

• specifically the capitalists and the workers

Policymakers believed selling U.S. products in overseas markets would provide more jobs and prosperity at home.

Reasons for expansion:

Imperialism was favored. (When a country extends its power to other territory for economic or political gain)

Economic gain: Open up markets abroad, access to cheap materials.

Political: Desire to compete with other nations

• didn't want to be a second rate nations

Strategic/ Military: Acquire naval bases

• imperialist justified their views through Social Darwinism

• gold found in  alaska

  • wanted gold from other places

• wanted to secure new markets for  American Goods

American Exceptionalism- The idea that U.S. had a destiny to foster democracy and civilization.

Anti- Imperialism: The idea that nation should be able to decide  for itself who ruled it and what laws were passed

• argued that if they take over less powerful countries they robbed the right to self determination.

• argued  that U.S. had a long history of isolationism

• Constitution should follow the flag

  • wherever america takes over, they follow the constitution

• opposed the treaty of Paris (esp Philippines)

  • members: Andrew Carnegie, Mark twain, Samuel Gompers

Racial Motivations (Ideological motives for Imperialism)

• Anglo-Saxon race, idea that the purest Christianity/civilization would "spread itself over the earth"

  • "white man's burden."

  • descendents of English and German

  • believed they were superior to foreign people of color

    • time when american indians/asians were denied citizenship

  • Justification for colonizing other lands

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

1890 (book)- "The Influence of  Sea  Power on History"

• argued that a country was only strong on the world stage bc of the strong navy

  • massive new steel fleets (forts to protect enemy fire) were  constructed bc of him

  • secured many new territories bc it gave navies places to restock supplies

1867- Alaska was purchased by the states.

• bought for 7.2 million

War of 1898:

1895- Cuba major guerrilla war against Spain

Guerrilla- a small group irregular fighting a larger group

• Spain (General "Butcher" Weyler) put Cuban civilians into concentration camps

  • many died (starvations, extreme environment conditions, disease)

  • U.S had investments in Cuba

  • U.S Sympathy

Yellow Journalist: A type of journalism that exaggerated new between Cuba and Spain. This created a surge of nationalism (loyalty to a country) for cuba.

• exaggerated the atrocities committed by the spanish against the cubans

  • enhanced american sympathy

  • believed it to be the only humanitarian thing to do

• U.S. was originally neutral.

• simply worried that the war would disrupt trade

  • damage sugar plantains on the island

Turning point for that caused America's involvement in the war:

1898- William Randolph Hearst (yellow journalist) published a private letter(De Lone Letter) from the Spanish  minister belittling president McKinley.

Feb. 1988- 260 seamen lost from a sunken ship in the Havana harbor.

• yellow journalist claimed it was  the Spanish who resented U.S. interference in that territory

  • later found  an accident

• increased outrage towards the war as Spain was responsible for not protecting the ship

• "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for the sunken ship

March 27- McKinley gave an ultimatum to Madrid

• 6 months of peace towards Cuba

April 11, McKinley asked for authority to intervene as it "endangered American interests"

• Teller Amendment reassured Americans that their country would uphold democracy abroad as well as home.

  • U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba

April 24, 1898- Spain declared war on the U.S.

War conditions (U.S. )

• rifles failed to arrive

• food was bad

• bad sanitation

• reg. army was disciplined

• Spanish  was  no match for Americas battleships and army

  • Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the "Rough Riders"

  • May 1, 1898- American ships (George Dewey) cornered and  destroyed Spanish  warships in Manila Bay.

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF PARIS

• gave U.S Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

• Spain paid 20 million dollars

Effects of Spanish American War:

Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901)

• allowed the U.S. to intervene(militarily) if U.S.economics were threatened

• Could not sign a treaty with a foreign power

• U.S. can maintain a naval base in Guantanamo Bay

• made it difficult for Cuban to conduct own foreign policy (that benefited Cuban interests)

Puerto Rico: Foraker Act

• granted limited degree of popular gov

  • withheld self rules

  • congress granted U.S citizenship in 1917

1876- Treaty  between  the U.S.and Hawaii

• allowed American markets access to Hawaiian sugar

  • w.o tariff  payments

  • on the terms that  Hawaii no sign with other power

  • renewed  on 1887

  • queen Liliuokalani (Hawaii) frustrated with these treaties

1892- Annexation Club of U.S. backed platers with the help of the U.S. marines overthrew the queen.

• negotiated a treaty of annexation

• Grover  Cleveland  rejected treaty

  • claimed it violated Americas tradition against acquiring  overseas territory.

July 1898-congress  voted for annexation again

U.S. annexed Guam & Puerto Rico.

• Spanish forces running out from war with Cuba

The Philippine War:

(b4 S-A  war was over) Secretary of State: Theodore Roosevelt sent new navy into Philippines.

• bombarded Spanish ships

• in the treaty  that ended the war Philippines  was ceded to the U.S. for 20 mill.

Emilio Aguinaldo: leaded Filipinos to throw off U.S. rule.

• turned his guns on American Forces

• America resulted  in burning crops and villages

  • rounded up citizens

• 4,200 americans & 200,000 filipinos died

• war lasted 3 years

Insular Cases- up to congress to decide Filipinos' civil rights and political status

• Constitutional rights are no auto extended to people in American territorial possessions

Philippines was far away,  needed to take over an island  in between the two, Hawaii.

Open Door Policy:

• China was economically taken over by European nations.

McKinley's Secretary of State, John Hay  decided to send Open Door Note to the European powers.

• asked to observe open door of trading privileges in china

• Euro. didn't entirely reject, America held onto some trading rights in the Asian market

Boxer Rebellion: an attempt to remove foreign influence of China

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president when McKinley is assassinated in 1901.

• will pursue an expansionist foreign policy

The United States and Latin America:

Roosevelt believed in naval power/canals,

• convinced congress to buy a six mile strip of land across Panama, Columbia for 10 mill

  • w payments of 250,000 per year

  • Columbia rejected , Roosevelt gave assistance to Panama when going against Columbia

    • Obtained a renewable lease on Canal one

    • 1922, paid Columbia 25 mill as conscience money

Panama Canal gave U.S a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)- announced that U.S. could police all of the Caribbean.

• turned to monroe doctrine around, allowed U.S control of all Caribbean Affairs

Japan: Japan defeated Russian Forces, 1st time  Non-western power defeated European power

• Roosevelt respected Japan, Protected Japan over Koran. (approved Japan's "protectorate"

• 1905- Roosevelt won a Nobel Piece Prize for mediating the war (Between Russia and Japan)

• 1908- U.S and Japan signed Root Takahira Agreement: recognized Japans authority over Manchuria, free organic commerce

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908):

• laws in cali. discriminated against asian immigrants

• required asian students to go to segregated schools "Yellow Peril"

• a compromise was  reached

  • japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S

  • Roosevelt pressured Cali. to repeal it's law

Great White Fleet: new fleet around the world

Woodrow Wilson: Against additional territory by Conquest

• entered office in 1913

The Progressive Movement:

World War 1:

• Erupted in Europe (July 1914)

  • assassination of Archduke Franz  Ferdinand

Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France (allied powers)

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central Powers)

U.S. was originally neutral

1. 1915- Sinking of Lusitania

   1. Germans sinked any ship entering the war zone around  British isle using submarines

   2. Sinked Luzitania, killing 128 Americans

   3. Germans kept sinking american  ships, U.S. threated to break diplomatic relations (step b4 war)

   4. Germans backed off

2. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

   1. began sinking ships again

3. Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram

   1. Germany sent a note to mexico  convincing them to start a war with U.S

   2. Promised to help mexico regain land lost in the Mexican-American War

   3. U.S.intercepted the telegram, started war with Germany (granted April 2, 1917)

U.S were unprepared for the war. Passed the Selective Service Act.

• A draft to select sounders for the war

• American Expeditionary Army- Led by General Pershing

Total war: All aspects of the country are used for war

• paid with war bonds (Liberty Loans)

many gov agencies were created to help the war effort causing great mobilization.

• National War Labor Board- created to prevent strikes and settle disputes

• War Industry Board: Set production priorities for war , helped price scarce materials so they could last throughout the war

• Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) , suggested to sparingly use the foods so enough supplies could be given to the soldiers on the war front.

• Committee of Public Information (George Creel)

  • promoted the war effort

  • create films, posters, and speeches to get people to buy Liberty Loans and war bonds

Silencing Dissent:

Espionage Act of 1917- prohibited interference of the draft or war effort (Consequence was jail time)

• Schank V U.S., told men not to fight in the war

  • gets arrested and sues the government for violation of the first amendment

  • result: congress has the ability to restrict speech if it posed clear and present danger

Sedation Act of 1918- prohibited bad talk of the government, the president, the american flag, etc..

• 2000 people arrested (Including Eugene Debs)

• Anti- German sentiment increases, posters made to attack Germans

WWI raised support for the 18th amendment. (Voiding of alcohol)

• beer was German tradition

Social Impact on the Home Front:

1910: Large migration of black people to the northern cities called the Great Migration

reasons for moving north:

1. escaping Jim Crow Laws

2. WWI presented with new economc oppertunities

Africa Americans and Mexicans migrate to take the jobs of white men who were drafted in the war.

• mexicans migrated to work in agriculture.

African Americans served in war in a segregated units.

Civil Rights leader, WEB D Bois believed fighting in the war would give Africans equal rights

• lots of racial riots

• lots of racial tensions

Women played a big role in changing social roles.

• women took over factories as men got drafted in war

  • was not an opportunity given to women before

  • granted the 19th amendment to women (voting rights)

Wilson's vision for Post WWI- 14 points

Wanted "peace without victory."

• addresses the causes of the First World War in an attempt to prevent future world wars

  • contains 14 points

    • Guarantee freedom of the seas

    • eliminate economic trade barriers

    • military reductions

    • no more colonies

      • self determination: self-government, no colonization

    • no secret treaties

    • called for the formation of the league of nations

      • to help prevent another world war

      • discuss problems rather than go to war

      • each country have troop in case league of nation disbanded

• Wilson could not dictate these terms by himself and therefore had to work with the big four

  • England

  • Italy

  • France

    • France and England wanted to punish Germany

      • gain territory

      • did not agree with Wilson when Wilson wanted world peace

      • demanded Germany take blame for war

        • germany had to pay reparations (pay for the cost of war)

  • U.S

Treaty of Versailles

• lots of Wilson's 14 points were rejected by the four points

• left Germany in ruins

  • could not afford reparations

  • angst over losing war + treatment of allies led to WW2

Germany:

• had to disarm

• limited army

• germany had to give up all colonies

American reactions:

• American senate no want army to be under command of higher authority

• Wilson stubborn on his treaty

• U.S. senate refuse to ratify treaty

  • U.S. not a member of League of Nations

Henry Ford:

• built automobiles

1913 opened his manufacturing plant

• transported partially created car parts on a conveyor belt.

• efficient, made companies that controlled form start to finish outta business

1920s:

Presidents- Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

• 1923, died of heart attack

• wanted Laissez-Faire capitalism

  • gov stays out industrialist interests'

  • during 1920's, roll-back on labor's rights

Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922)

• created to protect American industry

• hurt European nations attempting to pay back debt

Teapot Dome Scandal Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall allowed private companies to use Naval Oil Reserve.

• He took 300,000$ in bribes

  • went to prison

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

• took over for Harding

  • continued Harding's economic policies

• Crop prices plummeted (WWI)

  • farmers  suffered

  • vetoed Haugen Farm bill

    • provide price supports for major crops

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

• promised to continue peace and prosperity

• Stock Market crash occurred 7 months into his term

  • dominated his time as president

• received most of the blame for stock market crash and the Great Depression

Red Scare

• Hatred of Germans replaced by hostility towards Bolsheviks (Reds)

• race riots occured due to resentment over competition forjobs and housing

• in 1919 strikes, bombings and threats were attributed to communists

  • many industries shut down

  • led to the Red Scare

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer retaliated with a campaign designed to eliminate the communist threat, arresting thousands.

• lead a serious of raids against suspected radicals

  • deported immigrants with no citizenship

  • denied prisoners access to legal counsel

Nativism- Palmer raids led to mass arrest of socialist, anarchists, union organizers\

Ferdinando Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were immigrant anarchists who  

     supported violent revolutions.

• accused of murder and robbery in M.A

• little evidence, found guilty and executed

African Americans in the U.S

1. There was a good amount of racial strife.

1. African Americans returning from WWI felt they had earned  

   full citizenship.

2. Reported lynchings in the south increased from 48 in 1917 to 78 in 1919.

3. This and increased job opportunities led to the Great Migration (1916-1940).

a. Nearly 2 million would leave the South.

b. They mostly headed to the North and Midwest leading to job competition  

    with whites.

c. These tensions would result in the Chicago race riots in 1919.

In the 1920s Harlem (in N. Y. C.) was the  

     world’s largest black urban community.

1. The Harlem Renaissance was social and artistic explosion that resulted in a golden age in African American culture.

2. Encompassing many mediums such as literature (Langston Hughes), music (Duke Ellington), stage performance (Josephine Baker) and art (Zora Neal Hurston).

Marcus Garvey was a Black Nationalist  

     and leader of the Pan-Africanism  

     movement.

1. Led the “Back to Africa” movement.

2. W. E. B. DuBois eventually would support Garvey’s ideas. 

The N. A. A. C. P. pushed for political, social and economic equality. 

1. This meant attempting to improve conditions throughout the country through education and economic assistance.

2. They would also publicize hate crimes to force governmental change. 

Immigration.

1. In reaction to immigration there was an increase in Nativism (favoring native born citizens) and Xenophobia (fear of foreigners).

Quota Act of 1921: limited immigration # to 3% of those living in U.S. as of 1910

• to limit new immigrants from southern/eastern europe

National Quota Act of 1924: Set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the U.S. in 1890

The Emergency Quota Act of  

     1921 and the Immigration Act  

     of 1924 restricted the number      

     of immigrants per year total  

     and per country.  

1. This was done mostly to  

    limit immigrants from      

    South and Eastern Europe.

1. People who were mostly Catholic and Jewish.

       2. Also excluding most Asians as well.

• no Japanese as well

Prohibition.

1. The passage of the 18^th Amendment banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Rapidly organized crime came to control distribution and make massive profits.

1.  To protect their territories they would use to threats, violence and murder. 

2. This would also increase the influence on government, mostly through bribes to  the police, judges and people in government. 

Reactions to changing times.

1. There was in increase in Christian fundamentalism. 

2. In the Scopes Trial creationism and evolutionism came head to head.

1. William Jennings Bryan would act as prosecutor and Clarence Darrow would  

    defend Scopes.

2. Scopes would be convicted and fined,  but would be overturned.

. The Lost Generation of writers wrote  

     about their dissatisfaction with WWI and  

     modern society.

1. Many left the United States and moved  

    to Paris. 

1. Ernest Hemmingway, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein.

There was a massive resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s.

1.  This was a reaction against African-Americans, immigration and what they saw as threats to ‘traditional American society’.

2. The over half the state legislature of Indiana and the governor were members in the 1920’s. 

Chapter 21: The U.S becomes a global power

Foundations of Empire:

Severe economic depression of the 1890s led to

• high unemployment

• mass protests

this led to ideas that American workers would embrace socialism or Marxism.

Socialism- a political/economic system in which production and property have public ownership and are not controlled by the gov.

Marxism- Social/political/economical philosophy abt the struggle between social classes.

• specifically the capitalists and the workers

Policymakers believed selling U.S. products in overseas markets would provide more jobs and prosperity at home.

Reasons for expansion:

Imperialism was favored. (When a country extends its power to other territory for economic or political gain)

Economic gain: Open up markets abroad, access to cheap materials.

Political: Desire to compete with other nations

• didn't want to be a second rate nations

Strategic/ Military: Acquire naval bases

• imperialist justified their views through Social Darwinism

• gold found in  alaska

  • wanted gold from other places

• wanted to secure new markets for  American Goods

American Exceptionalism- The idea that U.S. had a destiny to foster democracy and civilization.

Anti- Imperialism: The idea that nation should be able to decide  for itself who ruled it and what laws were passed

• argued that if they take over less powerful countries they robbed the right to self determination.

• argued  that U.S. had a long history of isolationism

• Constitution should follow the flag

  • wherever america takes over, they follow the constitution

• opposed the treaty of Paris (esp Philippines)

  • members: Andrew Carnegie, Mark twain, Samuel Gompers

Racial Motivations (Ideological motives for Imperialism)

• Anglo-Saxon race, idea that the purest Christianity/civilization would "spread itself over the earth"

  • "white man's burden."

  • descendents of English and German

  • believed they were superior to foreign people of color

    • time when american indians/asians were denied citizenship

  • Justification for colonizing other lands

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

1890 (book)- "The Influence of  Sea  Power on History"

• argued that a country was only strong on the world stage bc of the strong navy

  • massive new steel fleets (forts to protect enemy fire) were  constructed bc of him

  • secured many new territories bc it gave navies places to restock supplies

1867- Alaska was purchased by the states.

• bought for 7.2 million

War of 1898:

1895- Cuba major guerrilla war against Spain

Guerrilla- a small group irregular fighting a larger group

• Spain (General "Butcher" Weyler) put Cuban civilians into concentration camps

  • many died (starvations, extreme environment conditions, disease)

  • U.S had investments in Cuba

  • U.S Sympathy

Yellow Journalist: A type of journalism that exaggerated new between Cuba and Spain. This created a surge of nationalism (loyalty to a country) for cuba.

• exaggerated the atrocities committed by the spanish against the cubans

  • enhanced american sympathy

  • believed it to be the only humanitarian thing to do

• U.S. was originally neutral.

• simply worried that the war would disrupt trade

  • damage sugar plantains on the island

Turning point for that caused America's involvement in the war:

1898- William Randolph Hearst (yellow journalist) published a private letter(De Lone Letter) from the Spanish  minister belittling president McKinley.

Feb. 1988- 260 seamen lost from a sunken ship in the Havana harbor.

• yellow journalist claimed it was  the Spanish who resented U.S. interference in that territory

  • later found  an accident

• increased outrage towards the war as Spain was responsible for not protecting the ship

• "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for the sunken ship

March 27- McKinley gave an ultimatum to Madrid

• 6 months of peace towards Cuba

April 11, McKinley asked for authority to intervene as it "endangered American interests"

• Teller Amendment reassured Americans that their country would uphold democracy abroad as well as home.

  • U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba

April 24, 1898- Spain declared war on the U.S.

War conditions (U.S. )

• rifles failed to arrive

• food was bad

• bad sanitation

• reg. army was disciplined

• Spanish  was  no match for Americas battleships and army

  • Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the "Rough Riders"

  • May 1, 1898- American ships (George Dewey) cornered and  destroyed Spanish  warships in Manila Bay.

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF PARIS

• gave U.S Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

• Spain paid 20 million dollars

Effects of Spanish American War:

Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901)

• allowed the U.S. to intervene(militarily) if U.S.economics were threatened

• Could not sign a treaty with a foreign power

• U.S. can maintain a naval base in Guantanamo Bay

• made it difficult for Cuban to conduct own foreign policy (that benefited Cuban interests)

Puerto Rico: Foraker Act

• granted limited degree of popular gov

  • withheld self rules

  • congress granted U.S citizenship in 1917

1876- Treaty  between  the U.S.and Hawaii

• allowed American markets access to Hawaiian sugar

  • w.o tariff  payments

  • on the terms that  Hawaii no sign with other power

  • renewed  on 1887

  • queen Liliuokalani (Hawaii) frustrated with these treaties

1892- Annexation Club of U.S. backed platers with the help of the U.S. marines overthrew the queen.

• negotiated a treaty of annexation

• Grover  Cleveland  rejected treaty

  • claimed it violated Americas tradition against acquiring  overseas territory.

July 1898-congress  voted for annexation again

U.S. annexed Guam & Puerto Rico.

• Spanish forces running out from war with Cuba

The Philippine War:

(b4 S-A  war was over) Secretary of State: Theodore Roosevelt sent new navy into Philippines.

• bombarded Spanish ships

• in the treaty  that ended the war Philippines  was ceded to the U.S. for 20 mill.

Emilio Aguinaldo: leaded Filipinos to throw off U.S. rule.

• turned his guns on American Forces

• America resulted  in burning crops and villages

  • rounded up citizens

• 4,200 americans & 200,000 filipinos died

• war lasted 3 years

Insular Cases- up to congress to decide Filipinos' civil rights and political status

• Constitutional rights are no auto extended to people in American territorial possessions

Philippines was far away,  needed to take over an island  in between the two, Hawaii.

Open Door Policy:

• China was economically taken over by European nations.

McKinley's Secretary of State, John Hay  decided to send Open Door Note to the European powers.

• asked to observe open door of trading privileges in china

• Euro. didn't entirely reject, America held onto some trading rights in the Asian market

Boxer Rebellion: an attempt to remove foreign influence of China

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president when McKinley is assassinated in 1901.

• will pursue an expansionist foreign policy

The United States and Latin America:

Roosevelt believed in naval power/canals,

• convinced congress to buy a six mile strip of land across Panama, Columbia for 10 mill

  • w payments of 250,000 per year

  • Columbia rejected , Roosevelt gave assistance to Panama when going against Columbia

    • Obtained a renewable lease on Canal one

    • 1922, paid Columbia 25 mill as conscience money

Panama Canal gave U.S a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)- announced that U.S. could police all of the Caribbean.

• turned to monroe doctrine around, allowed U.S control of all Caribbean Affairs

Japan: Japan defeated Russian Forces, 1st time  Non-western power defeated European power

• Roosevelt respected Japan, Protected Japan over Koran. (approved Japan's "protectorate"

• 1905- Roosevelt won a Nobel Piece Prize for mediating the war (Between Russia and Japan)

• 1908- U.S and Japan signed Root Takahira Agreement: recognized Japans authority over Manchuria, free organic commerce

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908):

• laws in cali. discriminated against asian immigrants

• required asian students to go to segregated schools "Yellow Peril"

• a compromise was  reached

  • japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S

  • Roosevelt pressured Cali. to repeal it's law

Great White Fleet: new fleet around the world

Woodrow Wilson: Against additional territory by Conquest

• entered office in 1913

The Progressive Movement:

World War 1:

• Erupted in Europe (July 1914)

  • assassination of Archduke Franz  Ferdinand

Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France (allied powers)

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central Powers)

U.S. was originally neutral

1. 1915- Sinking of Lusitania

   1. Germans sinked any ship entering the war zone around  British isle using submarines

   2. Sinked Luzitania, killing 128 Americans

   3. Germans kept sinking american  ships, U.S. threated to break diplomatic relations (step b4 war)

   4. Germans backed off

2. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

   1. began sinking ships again

3. Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram

   1. Germany sent a note to mexico  convincing them to start a war with U.S

   2. Promised to help mexico regain land lost in the Mexican-American War

   3. U.S.intercepted the telegram, started war with Germany (granted April 2, 1917)

U.S were unprepared for the war. Passed the Selective Service Act.

• A draft to select sounders for the war

• American Expeditionary Army- Led by General Pershing

Total war: All aspects of the country are used for war

• paid with war bonds (Liberty Loans)

many gov agencies were created to help the war effort causing great mobilization.

• National War Labor Board- created to prevent strikes and settle disputes

• War Industry Board: Set production priorities for war , helped price scarce materials so they could last throughout the war

• Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) , suggested to sparingly use the foods so enough supplies could be given to the soldiers on the war front.

• Committee of Public Information (George Creel)

  • promoted the war effort

  • create films, posters, and speeches to get people to buy Liberty Loans and war bonds

Silencing Dissent:

Espionage Act of 1917- prohibited interference of the draft or war effort (Consequence was jail time)

• Schank V U.S., told men not to fight in the war

  • gets arrested and sues the government for violation of the first amendment

  • result: congress has the ability to restrict speech if it posed clear and present danger

Sedation Act of 1918- prohibited bad talk of the government, the president, the american flag, etc..

• 2000 people arrested (Including Eugene Debs)

• Anti- German sentiment increases, posters made to attack Germans

WWI raised support for the 18th amendment. (Voiding of alcohol)

• beer was German tradition

Social Impact on the Home Front:

1910: Large migration of black people to the northern cities called the Great Migration

reasons for moving north:

1. escaping Jim Crow Laws

2. WWI presented with new economc oppertunities

Africa Americans and Mexicans migrate to take the jobs of white men who were drafted in the war.

• mexicans migrated to work in agriculture.

African Americans served in war in a segregated units.

Civil Rights leader, WEB D Bois believed fighting in the war would give Africans equal rights

• lots of racial riots

• lots of racial tensions

Women played a big role in changing social roles.

• women took over factories as men got drafted in war

  • was not an opportunity given to women before

  • granted the 19th amendment to women (voting rights)

Wilson's vision for Post WWI- 14 points

Wanted "peace without victory."

• addresses the causes of the First World War in an attempt to prevent future world wars

  • contains 14 points

    • Guarantee freedom of the seas

    • eliminate economic trade barriers

    • military reductions

    • no more colonies

      • self determination: self-government, no colonization

    • no secret treaties

    • called for the formation of the league of nations

      • to help prevent another world war

      • discuss problems rather than go to war

      • each country have troop in case league of nation disbanded

• Wilson could not dictate these terms by himself and therefore had to work with the big four

  • England

  • Italy

  • France

    • France and England wanted to punish Germany

      • gain territory

      • did not agree with Wilson when Wilson wanted world peace

      • demanded Germany take blame for war

        • germany had to pay reparations (pay for the cost of war)

  • U.S

Treaty of Versailles

• lots of Wilson's 14 points were rejected by the four points

• left Germany in ruins

  • could not afford reparations

  • angst over losing war + treatment of allies led to WW2

Germany:

• had to disarm

• limited army

• germany had to give up all colonies

American reactions:

• American senate no want army to be under command of higher authority

• Wilson stubborn on his treaty

• U.S. senate refuse to ratify treaty

  • U.S. not a member of League of Nations

Henry Ford:

• built automobiles

1913 opened his manufacturing plant

• transported partially created car parts on a conveyor belt.

• efficient, made companies that controlled form start to finish outta business

1920s:

Presidents- Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

• 1923, died of heart attack

• wanted Laissez-Faire capitalism

  • gov stays out industrialist interests'

  • during 1920's, roll-back on labor's rights

Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922)

• created to protect American industry

• hurt European nations attempting to pay back debt

Teapot Dome Scandal Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall allowed private companies to use Naval Oil Reserve.

• He took 300,000$ in bribes

  • went to prison

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

• took over for Harding

  • continued Harding's economic policies

• Crop prices plummeted (WWI)

  • farmers  suffered

  • vetoed Haugen Farm bill

    • provide price supports for major crops

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

• promised to continue peace and prosperity

• Stock Market crash occurred 7 months into his term

  • dominated his time as president

• received most of the blame for stock market crash and the Great Depression

Red Scare

• Hatred of Germans replaced by hostility towards Bolsheviks (Reds)

• race riots occured due to resentment over competition forjobs and housing

• in 1919 strikes, bombings and threats were attributed to communists

  • many industries shut down

  • led to the Red Scare

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer retaliated with a campaign designed to eliminate the communist threat, arresting thousands.

• lead a serious of raids against suspected radicals

  • deported immigrants with no citizenship

  • denied prisoners access to legal counsel

Nativism- Palmer raids led to mass arrest of socialist, anarchists, union organizers\

Ferdinando Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were immigrant anarchists who  

     supported violent revolutions.

• accused of murder and robbery in M.A

• little evidence, found guilty and executed

African Americans in the U.S

1. There was a good amount of racial strife.

1. African Americans returning from WWI felt they had earned  

   full citizenship.

2. Reported lynchings in the south increased from 48 in 1917 to 78 in 1919.

3. This and increased job opportunities led to the Great Migration (1916-1940).

a. Nearly 2 million would leave the South.

b. They mostly headed to the North and Midwest leading to job competition  

    with whites.

c. These tensions would result in the Chicago race riots in 1919.

In the 1920s Harlem (in N. Y. C.) was the  

     world’s largest black urban community.

1. The Harlem Renaissance was social and artistic explosion that resulted in a golden age in African American culture.

2. Encompassing many mediums such as literature (Langston Hughes), music (Duke Ellington), stage performance (Josephine Baker) and art (Zora Neal Hurston).

Marcus Garvey was a Black Nationalist  

     and leader of the Pan-Africanism  

     movement.

1. Led the “Back to Africa” movement.

2. W. E. B. DuBois eventually would support Garvey’s ideas. 

The N. A. A. C. P. pushed for political, social and economic equality. 

1. This meant attempting to improve conditions throughout the country through education and economic assistance.

2. They would also publicize hate crimes to force governmental change. 

Immigration.

1. In reaction to immigration there was an increase in Nativism (favoring native born citizens) and Xenophobia (fear of foreigners).

Quota Act of 1921: limited immigration # to 3% of those living in U.S. as of 1910

• to limit new immigrants from southern/eastern europe

National Quota Act of 1924: Set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the U.S. in 1890

The Emergency Quota Act of  

     1921 and the Immigration Act  

     of 1924 restricted the number      

     of immigrants per year total  

     and per country.  

1. This was done mostly to  

    limit immigrants from      

    South and Eastern Europe.

1. People who were mostly Catholic and Jewish.

       2. Also excluding most Asians as well.

• no Japanese as well

Prohibition.

1. The passage of the 18^th Amendment banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Rapidly organized crime came to control distribution and make massive profits.

1.  To protect their territories they would use to threats, violence and murder. 

2. This would also increase the influence on government, mostly through bribes to  the police, judges and people in government. 

Reactions to changing times.

1. There was in increase in Christian fundamentalism. 

2. In the Scopes Trial creationism and evolutionism came head to head.

1. William Jennings Bryan would act as prosecutor and Clarence Darrow would  

    defend Scopes.

2. Scopes would be convicted and fined,  but would be overturned.

. The Lost Generation of writers wrote  

     about their dissatisfaction with WWI and  

     modern society.

1. Many left the United States and moved  

    to Paris. 

1. Ernest Hemmingway, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein.

There was a massive resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s.

1.  This was a reaction against African-Americans, immigration and what they saw as threats to ‘traditional American society’.

2. The over half the state legislature of Indiana and the governor were members in the 1920’s. 

Chapter 21: The U.S becomes a global power

Foundations of Empire:

Severe economic depression of the 1890s led to

• high unemployment

• mass protests

this led to ideas that American workers would embrace socialism or Marxism.

Socialism- a political/economic system in which production and property have public ownership and are not controlled by the gov.

Marxism- Social/political/economical philosophy abt the struggle between social classes.

• specifically the capitalists and the workers

Policymakers believed selling U.S. products in overseas markets would provide more jobs and prosperity at home.

Reasons for expansion:

Imperialism was favored. (When a country extends its power to other territory for economic or political gain)

Economic gain: Open up markets abroad, access to cheap materials.

Political: Desire to compete with other nations

• didn't want to be a second rate nations

Strategic/ Military: Acquire naval bases

• imperialist justified their views through Social Darwinism

• gold found in  alaska

  • wanted gold from other places

• wanted to secure new markets for  American Goods

American Exceptionalism- The idea that U.S. had a destiny to foster democracy and civilization.

Anti- Imperialism: The idea that nation should be able to decide  for itself who ruled it and what laws were passed

• argued that if they take over less powerful countries they robbed the right to self determination.

• argued  that U.S. had a long history of isolationism

• Constitution should follow the flag

  • wherever america takes over, they follow the constitution

• opposed the treaty of Paris (esp Philippines)

  • members: Andrew Carnegie, Mark twain, Samuel Gompers

Racial Motivations (Ideological motives for Imperialism)

• Anglo-Saxon race, idea that the purest Christianity/civilization would "spread itself over the earth"

  • "white man's burden."

  • descendents of English and German

  • believed they were superior to foreign people of color

    • time when american indians/asians were denied citizenship

  • Justification for colonizing other lands

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

1890 (book)- "The Influence of  Sea  Power on History"

• argued that a country was only strong on the world stage bc of the strong navy

  • massive new steel fleets (forts to protect enemy fire) were  constructed bc of him

  • secured many new territories bc it gave navies places to restock supplies

1867- Alaska was purchased by the states.

• bought for 7.2 million

War of 1898:

1895- Cuba major guerrilla war against Spain

Guerrilla- a small group irregular fighting a larger group

• Spain (General "Butcher" Weyler) put Cuban civilians into concentration camps

  • many died (starvations, extreme environment conditions, disease)

  • U.S had investments in Cuba

  • U.S Sympathy

Yellow Journalist: A type of journalism that exaggerated new between Cuba and Spain. This created a surge of nationalism (loyalty to a country) for cuba.

• exaggerated the atrocities committed by the spanish against the cubans

  • enhanced american sympathy

  • believed it to be the only humanitarian thing to do

• U.S. was originally neutral.

• simply worried that the war would disrupt trade

  • damage sugar plantains on the island

Turning point for that caused America's involvement in the war:

1898- William Randolph Hearst (yellow journalist) published a private letter(De Lone Letter) from the Spanish  minister belittling president McKinley.

Feb. 1988- 260 seamen lost from a sunken ship in the Havana harbor.

• yellow journalist claimed it was  the Spanish who resented U.S. interference in that territory

  • later found  an accident

• increased outrage towards the war as Spain was responsible for not protecting the ship

• "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for the sunken ship

March 27- McKinley gave an ultimatum to Madrid

• 6 months of peace towards Cuba

April 11, McKinley asked for authority to intervene as it "endangered American interests"

• Teller Amendment reassured Americans that their country would uphold democracy abroad as well as home.

  • U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba

April 24, 1898- Spain declared war on the U.S.

War conditions (U.S. )

• rifles failed to arrive

• food was bad

• bad sanitation

• reg. army was disciplined

• Spanish  was  no match for Americas battleships and army

  • Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the "Rough Riders"

  • May 1, 1898- American ships (George Dewey) cornered and  destroyed Spanish  warships in Manila Bay.

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF PARIS

• gave U.S Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

• Spain paid 20 million dollars

Effects of Spanish American War:

Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901)

• allowed the U.S. to intervene(militarily) if U.S.economics were threatened

• Could not sign a treaty with a foreign power

• U.S. can maintain a naval base in Guantanamo Bay

• made it difficult for Cuban to conduct own foreign policy (that benefited Cuban interests)

Puerto Rico: Foraker Act

• granted limited degree of popular gov

  • withheld self rules

  • congress granted U.S citizenship in 1917

1876- Treaty  between  the U.S.and Hawaii

• allowed American markets access to Hawaiian sugar

  • w.o tariff  payments

  • on the terms that  Hawaii no sign with other power

  • renewed  on 1887

  • queen Liliuokalani (Hawaii) frustrated with these treaties

1892- Annexation Club of U.S. backed platers with the help of the U.S. marines overthrew the queen.

• negotiated a treaty of annexation

• Grover  Cleveland  rejected treaty

  • claimed it violated Americas tradition against acquiring  overseas territory.

July 1898-congress  voted for annexation again

U.S. annexed Guam & Puerto Rico.

• Spanish forces running out from war with Cuba

The Philippine War:

(b4 S-A  war was over) Secretary of State: Theodore Roosevelt sent new navy into Philippines.

• bombarded Spanish ships

• in the treaty  that ended the war Philippines  was ceded to the U.S. for 20 mill.

Emilio Aguinaldo: leaded Filipinos to throw off U.S. rule.

• turned his guns on American Forces

• America resulted  in burning crops and villages

  • rounded up citizens

• 4,200 americans & 200,000 filipinos died

• war lasted 3 years

Insular Cases- up to congress to decide Filipinos' civil rights and political status

• Constitutional rights are no auto extended to people in American territorial possessions

Philippines was far away,  needed to take over an island  in between the two, Hawaii.

Open Door Policy:

• China was economically taken over by European nations.

McKinley's Secretary of State, John Hay  decided to send Open Door Note to the European powers.

• asked to observe open door of trading privileges in china

• Euro. didn't entirely reject, America held onto some trading rights in the Asian market

Boxer Rebellion: an attempt to remove foreign influence of China

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president when McKinley is assassinated in 1901.

• will pursue an expansionist foreign policy

The United States and Latin America:

Roosevelt believed in naval power/canals,

• convinced congress to buy a six mile strip of land across Panama, Columbia for 10 mill

  • w payments of 250,000 per year

  • Columbia rejected , Roosevelt gave assistance to Panama when going against Columbia

    • Obtained a renewable lease on Canal one

    • 1922, paid Columbia 25 mill as conscience money

Panama Canal gave U.S a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)- announced that U.S. could police all of the Caribbean.

• turned to monroe doctrine around, allowed U.S control of all Caribbean Affairs

Japan: Japan defeated Russian Forces, 1st time  Non-western power defeated European power

• Roosevelt respected Japan, Protected Japan over Koran. (approved Japan's "protectorate"

• 1905- Roosevelt won a Nobel Piece Prize for mediating the war (Between Russia and Japan)

• 1908- U.S and Japan signed Root Takahira Agreement: recognized Japans authority over Manchuria, free organic commerce

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908):

• laws in cali. discriminated against asian immigrants

• required asian students to go to segregated schools "Yellow Peril"

• a compromise was  reached

  • japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S

  • Roosevelt pressured Cali. to repeal it's law

Great White Fleet: new fleet around the world

Woodrow Wilson: Against additional territory by Conquest

• entered office in 1913

The Progressive Movement:

World War 1:

• Erupted in Europe (July 1914)

  • assassination of Archduke Franz  Ferdinand

Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France (allied powers)

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central Powers)

U.S. was originally neutral

1. 1915- Sinking of Lusitania

   1. Germans sinked any ship entering the war zone around  British isle using submarines

   2. Sinked Luzitania, killing 128 Americans

   3. Germans kept sinking american  ships, U.S. threated to break diplomatic relations (step b4 war)

   4. Germans backed off

2. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

   1. began sinking ships again

3. Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram

   1. Germany sent a note to mexico  convincing them to start a war with U.S

   2. Promised to help mexico regain land lost in the Mexican-American War

   3. U.S.intercepted the telegram, started war with Germany (granted April 2, 1917)

U.S were unprepared for the war. Passed the Selective Service Act.

• A draft to select sounders for the war

• American Expeditionary Army- Led by General Pershing

Total war: All aspects of the country are used for war

• paid with war bonds (Liberty Loans)

many gov agencies were created to help the war effort causing great mobilization.

• National War Labor Board- created to prevent strikes and settle disputes

• War Industry Board: Set production priorities for war , helped price scarce materials so they could last throughout the war

• Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) , suggested to sparingly use the foods so enough supplies could be given to the soldiers on the war front.

• Committee of Public Information (George Creel)

  • promoted the war effort

  • create films, posters, and speeches to get people to buy Liberty Loans and war bonds

Silencing Dissent:

Espionage Act of 1917- prohibited interference of the draft or war effort (Consequence was jail time)

• Schank V U.S., told men not to fight in the war

  • gets arrested and sues the government for violation of the first amendment

  • result: congress has the ability to restrict speech if it posed clear and present danger

Sedation Act of 1918- prohibited bad talk of the government, the president, the american flag, etc..

• 2000 people arrested (Including Eugene Debs)

• Anti- German sentiment increases, posters made to attack Germans

WWI raised support for the 18th amendment. (Voiding of alcohol)

• beer was German tradition

Social Impact on the Home Front:

1910: Large migration of black people to the northern cities called the Great Migration

reasons for moving north:

1. escaping Jim Crow Laws

2. WWI presented with new economc oppertunities

Africa Americans and Mexicans migrate to take the jobs of white men who were drafted in the war.

• mexicans migrated to work in agriculture.

African Americans served in war in a segregated units.

Civil Rights leader, WEB D Bois believed fighting in the war would give Africans equal rights

• lots of racial riots

• lots of racial tensions

Women played a big role in changing social roles.

• women took over factories as men got drafted in war

  • was not an opportunity given to women before

  • granted the 19th amendment to women (voting rights)

Wilson's vision for Post WWI- 14 points

Wanted "peace without victory."

• addresses the causes of the First World War in an attempt to prevent future world wars

  • contains 14 points

    • Guarantee freedom of the seas

    • eliminate economic trade barriers

    • military reductions

    • no more colonies

      • self determination: self-government, no colonization

    • no secret treaties

    • called for the formation of the league of nations

      • to help prevent another world war

      • discuss problems rather than go to war

      • each country have troop in case league of nation disbanded

• Wilson could not dictate these terms by himself and therefore had to work with the big four

  • England

  • Italy

  • France

    • France and England wanted to punish Germany

      • gain territory

      • did not agree with Wilson when Wilson wanted world peace

      • demanded Germany take blame for war

        • germany had to pay reparations (pay for the cost of war)

  • U.S

Treaty of Versailles

• lots of Wilson's 14 points were rejected by the four points

• left Germany in ruins

  • could not afford reparations

  • angst over losing war + treatment of allies led to WW2

Germany:

• had to disarm

• limited army

• germany had to give up all colonies

American reactions:

• American senate no want army to be under command of higher authority

• Wilson stubborn on his treaty

• U.S. senate refuse to ratify treaty

  • U.S. not a member of League of Nations

Henry Ford:

• built automobiles

1913 opened his manufacturing plant

• transported partially created car parts on a conveyor belt.

• efficient, made companies that controlled form start to finish outta business

1920s:

Presidents- Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

• 1923, died of heart attack

• wanted Laissez-Faire capitalism

  • gov stays out industrialist interests'

  • during 1920's, roll-back on labor's rights

Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922)

• created to protect American industry

• hurt European nations attempting to pay back debt

Teapot Dome Scandal Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall allowed private companies to use Naval Oil Reserve.

• He took 300,000$ in bribes

  • went to prison

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

• took over for Harding

  • continued Harding's economic policies

• Crop prices plummeted (WWI)

  • farmers  suffered

  • vetoed Haugen Farm bill

    • provide price supports for major crops

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

• promised to continue peace and prosperity

• Stock Market crash occurred 7 months into his term

  • dominated his time as president

• received most of the blame for stock market crash and the Great Depression

Red Scare

• Hatred of Germans replaced by hostility towards Bolsheviks (Reds)

• race riots occured due to resentment over competition forjobs and housing

• in 1919 strikes, bombings and threats were attributed to communists

  • many industries shut down

  • led to the Red Scare

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer retaliated with a campaign designed to eliminate the communist threat, arresting thousands.

• lead a serious of raids against suspected radicals

  • deported immigrants with no citizenship

  • denied prisoners access to legal counsel

Nativism- Palmer raids led to mass arrest of socialist, anarchists, union organizers\

Ferdinando Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were immigrant anarchists who  

     supported violent revolutions.

• accused of murder and robbery in M.A

• little evidence, found guilty and executed

African Americans in the U.S

1. There was a good amount of racial strife.

1. African Americans returning from WWI felt they had earned  

   full citizenship.

2. Reported lynchings in the south increased from 48 in 1917 to 78 in 1919.

3. This and increased job opportunities led to the Great Migration (1916-1940).

a. Nearly 2 million would leave the South.

b. They mostly headed to the North and Midwest leading to job competition  

    with whites.

c. These tensions would result in the Chicago race riots in 1919.

In the 1920s Harlem (in N. Y. C.) was the  

     world’s largest black urban community.

1. The Harlem Renaissance was social and artistic explosion that resulted in a golden age in African American culture.

2. Encompassing many mediums such as literature (Langston Hughes), music (Duke Ellington), stage performance (Josephine Baker) and art (Zora Neal Hurston).

Marcus Garvey was a Black Nationalist  

     and leader of the Pan-Africanism  

     movement.

1. Led the “Back to Africa” movement.

2. W. E. B. DuBois eventually would support Garvey’s ideas. 

The N. A. A. C. P. pushed for political, social and economic equality. 

1. This meant attempting to improve conditions throughout the country through education and economic assistance.

2. They would also publicize hate crimes to force governmental change. 

Immigration.

1. In reaction to immigration there was an increase in Nativism (favoring native born citizens) and Xenophobia (fear of foreigners).

Quota Act of 1921: limited immigration # to 3% of those living in U.S. as of 1910

• to limit new immigrants from southern/eastern europe

National Quota Act of 1924: Set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the U.S. in 1890

The Emergency Quota Act of  

     1921 and the Immigration Act  

     of 1924 restricted the number      

     of immigrants per year total  

     and per country.  

1. This was done mostly to  

    limit immigrants from      

    South and Eastern Europe.

1. People who were mostly Catholic and Jewish.

       2. Also excluding most Asians as well.

• no Japanese as well

Prohibition.

1. The passage of the 18^th Amendment banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Rapidly organized crime came to control distribution and make massive profits.

1.  To protect their territories they would use to threats, violence and murder. 

2. This would also increase the influence on government, mostly through bribes to  the police, judges and people in government. 

Reactions to changing times.

1. There was in increase in Christian fundamentalism. 

2. In the Scopes Trial creationism and evolutionism came head to head.

1. William Jennings Bryan would act as prosecutor and Clarence Darrow would  

    defend Scopes.

2. Scopes would be convicted and fined,  but would be overturned.

. The Lost Generation of writers wrote  

     about their dissatisfaction with WWI and  

     modern society.

1. Many left the United States and moved  

    to Paris. 

1. Ernest Hemmingway, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein.

There was a massive resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s.

1.  This was a reaction against African-Americans, immigration and what they saw as threats to ‘traditional American society’.

2. The over half the state legislature of Indiana and the governor were members in the 1920’s. 

Chapter 21: The U.S becomes a global power

Foundations of Empire:

Severe economic depression of the 1890s led to

• high unemployment

• mass protests

this led to ideas that American workers would embrace socialism or Marxism.

Socialism- a political/economic system in which production and property have public ownership and are not controlled by the gov.

Marxism- Social/political/economical philosophy abt the struggle between social classes.

• specifically the capitalists and the workers

Policymakers believed selling U.S. products in overseas markets would provide more jobs and prosperity at home.

Reasons for expansion:

Imperialism was favored. (When a country extends its power to other territory for economic or political gain)

Economic gain: Open up markets abroad, access to cheap materials.

Political: Desire to compete with other nations

• didn't want to be a second rate nations

Strategic/ Military: Acquire naval bases

• imperialist justified their views through Social Darwinism

• gold found in  alaska

  • wanted gold from other places

• wanted to secure new markets for  American Goods

American Exceptionalism- The idea that U.S. had a destiny to foster democracy and civilization.

Anti- Imperialism: The idea that nation should be able to decide  for itself who ruled it and what laws were passed

• argued that if they take over less powerful countries they robbed the right to self determination.

• argued  that U.S. had a long history of isolationism

• Constitution should follow the flag

  • wherever america takes over, they follow the constitution

• opposed the treaty of Paris (esp Philippines)

  • members: Andrew Carnegie, Mark twain, Samuel Gompers

Racial Motivations (Ideological motives for Imperialism)

• Anglo-Saxon race, idea that the purest Christianity/civilization would "spread itself over the earth"

  • "white man's burden."

  • descendents of English and German

  • believed they were superior to foreign people of color

    • time when american indians/asians were denied citizenship

  • Justification for colonizing other lands

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

1890 (book)- "The Influence of  Sea  Power on History"

• argued that a country was only strong on the world stage bc of the strong navy

  • massive new steel fleets (forts to protect enemy fire) were  constructed bc of him

  • secured many new territories bc it gave navies places to restock supplies

1867- Alaska was purchased by the states.

• bought for 7.2 million

War of 1898:

1895- Cuba major guerrilla war against Spain

Guerrilla- a small group irregular fighting a larger group

• Spain (General "Butcher" Weyler) put Cuban civilians into concentration camps

  • many died (starvations, extreme environment conditions, disease)

  • U.S had investments in Cuba

  • U.S Sympathy

Yellow Journalist: A type of journalism that exaggerated new between Cuba and Spain. This created a surge of nationalism (loyalty to a country) for cuba.

• exaggerated the atrocities committed by the spanish against the cubans

  • enhanced american sympathy

  • believed it to be the only humanitarian thing to do

• U.S. was originally neutral.

• simply worried that the war would disrupt trade

  • damage sugar plantains on the island

Turning point for that caused America's involvement in the war:

1898- William Randolph Hearst (yellow journalist) published a private letter(De Lone Letter) from the Spanish  minister belittling president McKinley.

Feb. 1988- 260 seamen lost from a sunken ship in the Havana harbor.

• yellow journalist claimed it was  the Spanish who resented U.S. interference in that territory

  • later found  an accident

• increased outrage towards the war as Spain was responsible for not protecting the ship

• "Remember the Maine" became a national chant for the sunken ship

March 27- McKinley gave an ultimatum to Madrid

• 6 months of peace towards Cuba

April 11, McKinley asked for authority to intervene as it "endangered American interests"

• Teller Amendment reassured Americans that their country would uphold democracy abroad as well as home.

  • U.S. has no intention of taking over Cuba

April 24, 1898- Spain declared war on the U.S.

War conditions (U.S. )

• rifles failed to arrive

• food was bad

• bad sanitation

• reg. army was disciplined

• Spanish  was  no match for Americas battleships and army

  • Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the "Rough Riders"

  • May 1, 1898- American ships (George Dewey) cornered and  destroyed Spanish  warships in Manila Bay.

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR ENDED WITH THE TREATY OF PARIS

• gave U.S Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

• Spain paid 20 million dollars

Effects of Spanish American War:

Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901)

• allowed the U.S. to intervene(militarily) if U.S.economics were threatened

• Could not sign a treaty with a foreign power

• U.S. can maintain a naval base in Guantanamo Bay

• made it difficult for Cuban to conduct own foreign policy (that benefited Cuban interests)

Puerto Rico: Foraker Act

• granted limited degree of popular gov

  • withheld self rules

  • congress granted U.S citizenship in 1917

1876- Treaty  between  the U.S.and Hawaii

• allowed American markets access to Hawaiian sugar

  • w.o tariff  payments

  • on the terms that  Hawaii no sign with other power

  • renewed  on 1887

  • queen Liliuokalani (Hawaii) frustrated with these treaties

1892- Annexation Club of U.S. backed platers with the help of the U.S. marines overthrew the queen.

• negotiated a treaty of annexation

• Grover  Cleveland  rejected treaty

  • claimed it violated Americas tradition against acquiring  overseas territory.

July 1898-congress  voted for annexation again

U.S. annexed Guam & Puerto Rico.

• Spanish forces running out from war with Cuba

The Philippine War:

(b4 S-A  war was over) Secretary of State: Theodore Roosevelt sent new navy into Philippines.

• bombarded Spanish ships

• in the treaty  that ended the war Philippines  was ceded to the U.S. for 20 mill.

Emilio Aguinaldo: leaded Filipinos to throw off U.S. rule.

• turned his guns on American Forces

• America resulted  in burning crops and villages

  • rounded up citizens

• 4,200 americans & 200,000 filipinos died

• war lasted 3 years

Insular Cases- up to congress to decide Filipinos' civil rights and political status

• Constitutional rights are no auto extended to people in American territorial possessions

Philippines was far away,  needed to take over an island  in between the two, Hawaii.

Open Door Policy:

• China was economically taken over by European nations.

McKinley's Secretary of State, John Hay  decided to send Open Door Note to the European powers.

• asked to observe open door of trading privileges in china

• Euro. didn't entirely reject, America held onto some trading rights in the Asian market

Boxer Rebellion: an attempt to remove foreign influence of China

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president when McKinley is assassinated in 1901.

• will pursue an expansionist foreign policy

The United States and Latin America:

Roosevelt believed in naval power/canals,

• convinced congress to buy a six mile strip of land across Panama, Columbia for 10 mill

  • w payments of 250,000 per year

  • Columbia rejected , Roosevelt gave assistance to Panama when going against Columbia

    • Obtained a renewable lease on Canal one

    • 1922, paid Columbia 25 mill as conscience money

Panama Canal gave U.S a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)- announced that U.S. could police all of the Caribbean.

• turned to monroe doctrine around, allowed U.S control of all Caribbean Affairs

Japan: Japan defeated Russian Forces, 1st time  Non-western power defeated European power

• Roosevelt respected Japan, Protected Japan over Koran. (approved Japan's "protectorate"

• 1905- Roosevelt won a Nobel Piece Prize for mediating the war (Between Russia and Japan)

• 1908- U.S and Japan signed Root Takahira Agreement: recognized Japans authority over Manchuria, free organic commerce

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908):

• laws in cali. discriminated against asian immigrants

• required asian students to go to segregated schools "Yellow Peril"

• a compromise was  reached

  • japan agreed to restrict emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S

  • Roosevelt pressured Cali. to repeal it's law

Great White Fleet: new fleet around the world

Woodrow Wilson: Against additional territory by Conquest

• entered office in 1913

The Progressive Movement:

World War 1:

• Erupted in Europe (July 1914)

  • assassination of Archduke Franz  Ferdinand

Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France (allied powers)

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Central Powers)

U.S. was originally neutral

1. 1915- Sinking of Lusitania

   1. Germans sinked any ship entering the war zone around  British isle using submarines

   2. Sinked Luzitania, killing 128 Americans

   3. Germans kept sinking american  ships, U.S. threated to break diplomatic relations (step b4 war)

   4. Germans backed off

2. German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

   1. began sinking ships again

3. Interception of the Zimmerman Telegram

   1. Germany sent a note to mexico  convincing them to start a war with U.S

   2. Promised to help mexico regain land lost in the Mexican-American War

   3. U.S.intercepted the telegram, started war with Germany (granted April 2, 1917)

U.S were unprepared for the war. Passed the Selective Service Act.

• A draft to select sounders for the war

• American Expeditionary Army- Led by General Pershing

Total war: All aspects of the country are used for war

• paid with war bonds (Liberty Loans)

many gov agencies were created to help the war effort causing great mobilization.

• National War Labor Board- created to prevent strikes and settle disputes

• War Industry Board: Set production priorities for war , helped price scarce materials so they could last throughout the war

• Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) , suggested to sparingly use the foods so enough supplies could be given to the soldiers on the war front.

• Committee of Public Information (George Creel)

  • promoted the war effort

  • create films, posters, and speeches to get people to buy Liberty Loans and war bonds

Silencing Dissent:

Espionage Act of 1917- prohibited interference of the draft or war effort (Consequence was jail time)

• Schank V U.S., told men not to fight in the war

  • gets arrested and sues the government for violation of the first amendment

  • result: congress has the ability to restrict speech if it posed clear and present danger

Sedation Act of 1918- prohibited bad talk of the government, the president, the american flag, etc..

• 2000 people arrested (Including Eugene Debs)

• Anti- German sentiment increases, posters made to attack Germans

WWI raised support for the 18th amendment. (Voiding of alcohol)

• beer was German tradition

Social Impact on the Home Front:

1910: Large migration of black people to the northern cities called the Great Migration

reasons for moving north:

1. escaping Jim Crow Laws

2. WWI presented with new economc oppertunities

Africa Americans and Mexicans migrate to take the jobs of white men who were drafted in the war.

• mexicans migrated to work in agriculture.

African Americans served in war in a segregated units.

Civil Rights leader, WEB D Bois believed fighting in the war would give Africans equal rights

• lots of racial riots

• lots of racial tensions

Women played a big role in changing social roles.

• women took over factories as men got drafted in war

  • was not an opportunity given to women before

  • granted the 19th amendment to women (voting rights)

Wilson's vision for Post WWI- 14 points

Wanted "peace without victory."

• addresses the causes of the First World War in an attempt to prevent future world wars

  • contains 14 points

    • Guarantee freedom of the seas

    • eliminate economic trade barriers

    • military reductions

    • no more colonies

      • self determination: self-government, no colonization

    • no secret treaties

    • called for the formation of the league of nations

      • to help prevent another world war

      • discuss problems rather than go to war

      • each country have troop in case league of nation disbanded

• Wilson could not dictate these terms by himself and therefore had to work with the big four

  • England

  • Italy

  • France

    • France and England wanted to punish Germany

      • gain territory

      • did not agree with Wilson when Wilson wanted world peace

      • demanded Germany take blame for war

        • germany had to pay reparations (pay for the cost of war)

  • U.S

Treaty of Versailles

• lots of Wilson's 14 points were rejected by the four points

• left Germany in ruins

  • could not afford reparations

  • angst over losing war + treatment of allies led to WW2

Germany:

• had to disarm

• limited army

• germany had to give up all colonies

American reactions:

• American senate no want army to be under command of higher authority

• Wilson stubborn on his treaty

• U.S. senate refuse to ratify treaty

  • U.S. not a member of League of Nations

Henry Ford:

• built automobiles

1913 opened his manufacturing plant

• transported partially created car parts on a conveyor belt.

• efficient, made companies that controlled form start to finish outta business

1920s:

Presidents- Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

• 1923, died of heart attack

• wanted Laissez-Faire capitalism

  • gov stays out industrialist interests'

  • during 1920's, roll-back on labor's rights

Fordney- McCumber Tariff (1922)

• created to protect American industry

• hurt European nations attempting to pay back debt

Teapot Dome Scandal Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall allowed private companies to use Naval Oil Reserve.

• He took 300,000$ in bribes

  • went to prison

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

• took over for Harding

  • continued Harding's economic policies

• Crop prices plummeted (WWI)

  • farmers  suffered

  • vetoed Haugen Farm bill

    • provide price supports for major crops

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

• promised to continue peace and prosperity

• Stock Market crash occurred 7 months into his term

  • dominated his time as president

• received most of the blame for stock market crash and the Great Depression

Red Scare

• Hatred of Germans replaced by hostility towards Bolsheviks (Reds)

• race riots occured due to resentment over competition forjobs and housing

• in 1919 strikes, bombings and threats were attributed to communists

  • many industries shut down

  • led to the Red Scare

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer retaliated with a campaign designed to eliminate the communist threat, arresting thousands.

• lead a serious of raids against suspected radicals

  • deported immigrants with no citizenship

  • denied prisoners access to legal counsel

Nativism- Palmer raids led to mass arrest of socialist, anarchists, union organizers\

Ferdinando Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were immigrant anarchists who  

     supported violent revolutions.

• accused of murder and robbery in M.A

• little evidence, found guilty and executed

African Americans in the U.S

1. There was a good amount of racial strife.

1. African Americans returning from WWI felt they had earned  

   full citizenship.

2. Reported lynchings in the south increased from 48 in 1917 to 78 in 1919.

3. This and increased job opportunities led to the Great Migration (1916-1940).

a. Nearly 2 million would leave the South.

b. They mostly headed to the North and Midwest leading to job competition  

    with whites.

c. These tensions would result in the Chicago race riots in 1919.

In the 1920s Harlem (in N. Y. C.) was the  

     world’s largest black urban community.

1. The Harlem Renaissance was social and artistic explosion that resulted in a golden age in African American culture.

2. Encompassing many mediums such as literature (Langston Hughes), music (Duke Ellington), stage performance (Josephine Baker) and art (Zora Neal Hurston).

Marcus Garvey was a Black Nationalist  

     and leader of the Pan-Africanism  

     movement.

1. Led the “Back to Africa” movement.

2. W. E. B. DuBois eventually would support Garvey’s ideas. 

The N. A. A. C. P. pushed for political, social and economic equality. 

1. This meant attempting to improve conditions throughout the country through education and economic assistance.

2. They would also publicize hate crimes to force governmental change. 

Immigration.

1. In reaction to immigration there was an increase in Nativism (favoring native born citizens) and Xenophobia (fear of foreigners).

Quota Act of 1921: limited immigration # to 3% of those living in U.S. as of 1910

• to limit new immigrants from southern/eastern europe

National Quota Act of 1924: Set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the U.S. in 1890

The Emergency Quota Act of  

     1921 and the Immigration Act  

     of 1924 restricted the number      

     of immigrants per year total  

     and per country.  

1. This was done mostly to  

    limit immigrants from      

    South and Eastern Europe.

1. People who were mostly Catholic and Jewish.

       2. Also excluding most Asians as well.

• no Japanese as well

Prohibition.

1. The passage of the 18^th Amendment banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Rapidly organized crime came to control distribution and make massive profits.

1.  To protect their territories they would use to threats, violence and murder. 

2. This would also increase the influence on government, mostly through bribes to  the police, judges and people in government. 

Reactions to changing times.

1. There was in increase in Christian fundamentalism. 

2. In the Scopes Trial creationism and evolutionism came head to head.

1. William Jennings Bryan would act as prosecutor and Clarence Darrow would  

    defend Scopes.

2. Scopes would be convicted and fined,  but would be overturned.

. The Lost Generation of writers wrote  

     about their dissatisfaction with WWI and  

     modern society.

1. Many left the United States and moved  

    to Paris. 

1. Ernest Hemmingway, T. S. Eliot, Gertrude Stein.

There was a massive resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s.

1.  This was a reaction against African-Americans, immigration and what they saw as threats to ‘traditional American society’.

2. The over half the state legislature of Indiana and the governor were members in the 1920’s.