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Significance of the Election of 1800
Marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans).
Jefferson’s Actions Aligning with His Principles
Reduced military, cut government spending, repealed excise taxes, and emphasized states’ rights.
Jefferson’s Actions in Conflict with His Principles
Louisiana Purchase (used implied powers), maintained some Federalist policies, and enforced the Embargo Act.
Significance of Marbury v. Madison
Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional.
Embargo Act Provisions
Banned U.S. exports to force Britain & France to respect neutrality; repealed due to economic hardship.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Reopened trade with Britain and France, but promised to cut off trade with one if the other respected U.S. neutrality.
Significance of the Battle of Tippecanoe
Weakened Native resistance, increased tensions between U.S. and Britain.
Who the War Hawks Represented & What They Wanted
Young Democratic-Republicans from the South and West; wanted war with Britain and expansion into Canada.
Treaty of Ghent Provisions
Ended the War of 1812, restored pre-war boundaries, no territorial gains.
Effects of the War of 1812
Boosted nationalism, weakened Native resistance, increased U.S. manufacturing.
Why the Federalists Lost Power
Opposed the war (Hartford Convention), seen as unpatriotic, and lost public support.
Rush-Bagot Agreement Provisions
Limited U.S. and British naval forces on the Great Lakes.
Panic of 1819 Causes & Effects
Caused by land speculation & bank failures; led to economic depression and resentment of the Bank of the U.S.
Treaty of 1818 Provisions
Set U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel, joint occupation of Oregon.
What U.S. Gained in Adams-Onis Treaty
Florida from Spain.
Goals & Provisions of the American System
Strengthen economy with a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.
Significance of McCulloch v. Maryland
Strengthened federal power; upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.
Significance of Gibbons v. Ogden
Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.
Monroe Doctrine Provisions & Reason
Warned European powers not to colonize/interfere in the Western Hemisphere; issued to protect U.S. interests.
Missouri Compromise Provisions & Necessity
Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery banned north of 36°30’; needed to balance power.
“Corrupt Bargain”
Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’ presidency in 1824.
Jackson & the “Common Man” in 1828
Portrayed as a self-made man; won widespread popular support.
Spoils System
Gave government jobs to political supporters.
Worcester v. Georgia Ruling & Jackson’s Response
Court ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty; Jackson ignored it.
Why Southern States Protested Tariffs
Hurt the South’s economy by raising prices and inviting foreign retaliation.
John Calhoun’s Argument in The South Carolina Exposition
States could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.
Force Law Provisions
Allowed Jackson to use military force to enforce tariffs.
Why Jackson Disliked & Destroyed the National Bank
Saw it as corrupt and favoring elites; vetoed its renewal, moved funds to state banks.
Panic of 1837 Causes & Effects
Caused by bank failures, speculation, and Jackson’s economic policies; led to economic depression.
Whig Party Platform & Formation
Supported national economy and internal improvements; formed in opposition to Jackson.
Key Teachings & Significance of Second Great Awakening
Emphasized individual salvation, revivalism, and social reform.
Religious Groups Persecuted
Mormons, Catholics, Jews.
Utopian Communities
Idealistic societies seeking perfection (e.g., Oneida, Shakers).
Transcendentalist Beliefs
Self-reliance, nature, and personal intuition over societal norms.
Problems in Early 19th-Century Education
Unequal access, poor funding, untrained teachers.
Why Public Schools Were Needed
Promote democracy and social stability.
Horace Mann’s Reforms
Improved teacher training, curriculum, and school funding.
Why Dorothea Dix Advocated for Asylum & Prison Reform
Exposed poor treatment of the mentally ill.
Temperance Movement Goal & Reason
Reduce alcohol consumption due to social problems.
How Enslaved People Resisted Slavery
Sabotage, escape, revolts, cultural preservation.
Effects of Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Stricter slave laws, increased fear in the South.
Goal of American Colonization Society
Relocate freed African Americans to Africa.
William Lloyd Garrison’s Role in Abolition
Published The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation.
Garrison vs. Walker vs. Douglass on Abolition
Garrison: immediate, nonviolent; Walker: violent resistance; Douglass: political activism.
Gag Rule Provisions
Prohibited discussion of slavery in Congress.
Restrictions on Women in “Cult of Domesticity”
Confined to home, expected to be submissive and moral guardians.
Trends Encouraging Women’s Rights Movement
Industrialization, education, and reform movements.
Significance of Seneca Falls Convention
First major women’s rights convention; issued Declaration of Sentiments.
Factors Contributing to Population Boom
Immigration, high birth rates, westward expansion.
Irish vs. German Immigrants
Irish: poor, settled in cities; Germans: middle-class, moved west.
Why Nativists Resented Immigrants
Feared job competition, cultural differences.
Cotton Gin’s Impact on the South
Increased cotton production and slavery.
Why Industry Was in the Northeast
Water power, capital, labor supply.
Significance of Interchangeable Parts
Revolutionized manufacturing, led to mass production.
Significance of the Telegraph
Improved long-distance communication.
Problems in Industrial Labor & Solutions
Low wages, long hours; formed labor unions.
Impact of Industrial Revolution on Women
More factory jobs, limited rights.
John Deere & Cyrus McCormick’s Impact
Deere’s plow and McCormick’s reaper boosted farming efficiency.
Transportation Improvements
Roads, canals, steamboats, railroads.
Impact of Erie Canal
Boosted trade and connected western farms to eastern markets.
Why Railroads Replaced Canals
Faster, year-round travel, more efficient.
Hudson River School
Art movement focused on American landscapes and romanticism.
