unit 4 apush

1. Significance of the Election of 1800

Marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans).

2. Jefferson’s Actions Aligning with His Principles

Reduced military, cut government spending, repealed excise taxes, and emphasized states’ rights.

3. Jefferson’s Actions in Conflict with His Principles

Louisiana Purchase (used implied powers), maintained some Federalist policies, and enforced the Embargo Act.

4. Significance of Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional.

5. Embargo Act Provisions

Banned U.S. exports to force Britain & France to respect neutrality; repealed due to economic hardship.

6. Macon’s Bill No. 2

Reopened trade with Britain and France, but promised to cut off trade with one if the other respected U.S. neutrality.

7. Significance of the Battle of Tippecanoe

Weakened Native resistance, increased tensions between U.S. and Britain.

8. Who the War Hawks Represented & What They Wanted

Young Democratic-Republicans from the South and West; wanted war with Britain and expansion into Canada.

9. Treaty of Ghent Provisions

Ended the War of 1812, restored pre-war boundaries, no territorial gains.

10. Effects of the War of 1812

Boosted nationalism, weakened Native resistance, increased U.S. manufacturing.

11. Why the Federalists Lost Power

Opposed the war (Hartford Convention), seen as unpatriotic, and lost public support.

12. Rush-Bagot Agreement Provisions

Limited U.S. and British naval forces on the Great Lakes.

13. Panic of 1819 Causes & Effects

Caused by land speculation & bank failures; led to economic depression and resentment of the Bank of the U.S.

14. Treaty of 1818 Provisions

Set U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel, joint occupation of Oregon.

15. What U.S. Gained in Adams-Onis Treaty

Florida from Spain.

16. Goals & Provisions of the American System

Strengthen economy with a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

17. Significance of McCulloch v. Maryland

Strengthened federal power; upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.

18. Significance of Gibbons v. Ogden

Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.

19. Monroe Doctrine Provisions & Reason

Warned European powers not to colonize/interfere in the Western Hemisphere; issued to protect U.S. interests.

20. Missouri Compromise Provisions & Necessity

Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery banned north of 36°30’; needed to balance power.

21. “Corrupt Bargain”

Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’ presidency in 1824.

22. Jackson & the “Common Man” in 1828

Portrayed as a self-made man; won widespread popular support.

23. Spoils System

Gave government jobs to political supporters.

24. Worcester v. Georgia Ruling & Jackson’s Response

Court ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty; Jackson ignored it.

25. Why Southern States Protested Tariffs

Hurt the South’s economy by raising prices and inviting foreign retaliation.

26. John Calhoun’s Argument in The South Carolina Exposition

States could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

27. Force Law Provisions

Allowed Jackson to use military force to enforce tariffs.

28. Why Jackson Disliked & Destroyed the National Bank

Saw it as corrupt and favoring elites; vetoed its renewal, moved funds to state banks.

29. Panic of 1837 Causes & Effects

Caused by bank failures, speculation, and Jackson’s economic policies; led to economic depression.

30. Whig Party Platform & Formation

Supported national economy and internal improvements; formed in opposition to Jackson.

31. Key Teachings & Significance of Second Great Awakening

Emphasized individual salvation, revivalism, and social reform.

32. Religious Groups Persecuted

Mormons, Catholics, Jews.

33. Utopian Communities

Idealistic societies seeking perfection (e.g., Oneida, Shakers).

34. Transcendentalist Beliefs

Self-reliance, nature, and personal intuition over societal norms.

35. Problems in Early 19th-Century Education

Unequal access, poor funding, untrained teachers.

36. Why Public Schools Were Needed

Promote democracy and social stability.

37. Horace Mann’s Reforms

Improved teacher training, curriculum, and school funding.

38. Why Dorothea Dix Advocated for Asylum & Prison Reform

Exposed poor treatment of the mentally ill.

39. Temperance Movement Goal & Reason

Reduce alcohol consumption due to social problems.

40. How Enslaved People Resisted Slavery

Sabotage, escape, revolts, cultural preservation.

41. Effects of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Stricter slave laws, increased fear in the South.

42. Goal of American Colonization Society

Relocate freed African Americans to Africa.

43. William Lloyd Garrison’s Role in Abolition

Published The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation.

44. Garrison vs. Walker vs. Douglass on Abolition

Garrison: immediate, nonviolent; Walker: violent resistance; Douglass: political activism.

45. Gag Rule Provisions

Prohibited discussion of slavery in Congress.

46. Restrictions on Women in “Cult of Domesticity”

Confined to home, expected to be submissive and moral guardians.

47. Trends Encouraging Women’s Rights Movement

Industrialization, education, and reform movements.

48. Significance of Seneca Falls Convention

First major women’s rights convention; issued Declaration of Sentiments.

49. Factors Contributing to Population Boom

Immigration, high birth rates, westward expansion.

50. Irish vs. German Immigrants

Irish: poor, settled in cities; Germans: middle-class, moved west.

51. Why Nativists Resented Immigrants

Feared job competition, cultural differences.

52. Cotton Gin’s Impact on the South

Increased cotton production and slavery.

53. Why Industry Was in the Northeast

Water power, capital, labor supply.

54. Significance of Interchangeable Parts

Revolutionized manufacturing, led to mass production.

55. Significance of the Telegraph

Improved long-distance communication.

56. Problems in Industrial Labor & Solutions

Low wages, long hours; formed labor unions.

57. Impact of Industrial Revolution on Women

More factory jobs, limited rights.

58. John Deere & Cyrus McCormick’s Impact

Deere’s plow and McCormick’s reaper boosted farming efficiency.

59. Transportation Improvements

Roads, canals, steamboats, railroads.

60. Impact of Erie Canal

Boosted trade and connected western farms to eastern markets.

61. Why Railroads Replaced Canals

Faster, year-round travel, more efficient.

62. Hudson River School

Art movement focused on American landscapes and romanticism.