unit 4 apush

Significance of the Election of 1800 – Marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties (Federalists to Democratic-Republicans).

Jefferson’s Actions Aligning with His Principles – Reduced military, cut government spending, repealed excise taxes, and emphasized states’ rights.

Jefferson’s Actions in Conflict with His Principles – Louisiana Purchase (used implied powers), maintained some Federalist policies, and enforced the Embargo Act.

Significance of Marbury v. Madison – Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Embargo Act Provisions & Repeal – Banned U.S. exports to force Britain & France to respect neutrality; repealed due to economic hardship.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Reopened trade with Britain and France, but promised to cut off trade with one if the other respected U.S. neutrality.

Significance of the Battle of Tippecanoe – Weakened Native resistance, increased tensions between U.S. and Britain.

Who the War Hawks Represented & What They Wanted – Young Democratic-Republicans from the South and West; wanted war with Britain and expansion into Canada.

Treaty of Ghent Provisions – Ended the War of 1812, restored pre-war boundaries, no territorial gains.

Effects of the War of 1812 – Boosted nationalism, weakened Native resistance, increased U.S. manufacturing.

Why the Federalists Lost Power – Opposed the war (Hartford Convention), seen as unpatriotic, and lost public support.

Rush-Bagot Agreement Provisions – Limited U.S. and British naval forces on the Great Lakes.

Panic of 1819 Causes & Effects – Caused by land speculation & bank failures; led to economic depression and resentment of the Bank of the U.S.

Treaty of 1818 Provisions – Set U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel, joint occupation of Oregon.

What U.S. Gained in Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida from Spain.

Goals & Provisions of the American System – Strengthen economy with a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

Significance of McCulloch v. Maryland – Strengthened federal power; upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.

Significance of Gibbons v. Ogden – Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.

Monroe Doctrine Provisions & Reason – Warned European powers not to colonize/interfere in the Western Hemisphere; issued to protect U.S. interests.

Missouri Compromise Provisions & Necessity – Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery banned north of 36°30’; needed to balance power.

“Corrupt Bargain” – Alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’ presidency in 1824.

Jackson & the “Common Man” in 1828 – Portrayed as a self-made man; won widespread popular support.

Spoils System – Gave government jobs to political supporters.

Worcester v. Georgia Ruling & Jackson’s Response – Court ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty; Jackson ignored it.

Why Southern States Protested Tariffs – Hurt the South’s economy by raising prices and inviting foreign retaliation.

John Calhoun’s Argument in The South Carolina Exposition – States could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Force Law Provisions – Allowed Jackson to use military force to enforce tariffs.

Why Jackson Disliked & Destroyed the National Bank – Saw it as corrupt and favoring elites; vetoed its renewal, moved funds to state banks.

Panic of 1837 Causes & Effects – Caused by bank failures, speculation, and Jackson’s economic policies; led to economic depression.

Whig Party Platform & Formation – Supported national economy and internal improvements; formed in opposition to Jackson.

Key Teachings & Significance of Second Great Awakening – Emphasized individual salvation, revivalism, and social reform.

Religious Groups Persecuted – Mormons, Catholics, Jews.

Utopian Communities – Idealistic societies seeking perfection (e.g., Oneida, Shakers).

Transcendentalist Beliefs – Self-reliance, nature, and personal intuition over societal norms.

Problems in Early 19th-Century Education – Unequal access, poor funding, untrained teachers.

Why Public Schools Were Needed – Promote democracy and social stability.

Horace Mann’s Reforms – Improved teacher training, curriculum, and school funding.

Why Dorothea Dix Advocated for Asylum & Prison Reform – Exposed poor treatment of the mentally ill.

Temperance Movement Goal & Reason – Reduce alcohol consumption due to social problems.

How Enslaved People Resisted Slavery – Sabotage, escape, revolts, cultural preservation.

Effects of Nat Turner’s Rebellion – Stricter slave laws, increased fear in the South.

Goal of American Colonization Society – Relocate freed African Americans to Africa.

William Lloyd Garrison’s Role in Abolition – Published The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation.

Garrison vs. Walker vs. Douglass on Abolition – Garrison: immediate, nonviolent; Walker: violent resistance; Douglass: political activism.

Gag Rule Provisions – Prohibited discussion of slavery in Congress.

Restrictions on Women in “Cult of Domesticity” – Confined to home, expected to be submissive and moral guardians.

Trends Encouraging Women’s Rights Movement – Industrialization, education, and reform movements.

Significance of Seneca Falls Convention – First major women’s rights convention; issued Declaration of Sentiments.

Factors Contributing to Population Boom – Immigration, high birth rates, westward expansion.

Irish vs. German Immigrants – Irish: poor, settled in cities; Germans: middle-class, moved west.

Why Nativists Resented Immigrants – Feared job competition, cultural differences.

Cotton Gin’s Impact on the South – Increased cotton production and slavery.

Why Industry Was in the Northeast – Water power, capital, labor supply.

Significance of Interchangeable Parts – Revolutionized manufacturing, led to mass production.

Significance of the Telegraph – Improved long-distance communication.

Problems in Industrial Labor & Solutions – Low wages, long hours; formed labor unions.

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Women – More factory jobs, limited rights.

John Deere & Cyrus McCormick’s Impact – Deere’s plow and McCormick’s reaper boosted farming efficiency.

Transportation Improvements – Roads, canals, steamboats, railroads.

Impact of Erie Canal – Boosted trade and connected western farms to eastern markets.

Why Railroads Replaced Canals – Faster, year-round travel, more efficient.

Hudson River School – Art movement focused on American landscapes and romanticism.