Jack Westin Study (RESTART)

Mitosis

Process of replicating cells to produce two identical daughter cells

Interphase

Phase of the cell cycle where a typical cell spends most of its life

Prophase

Chromosome condenses into chromatids; Nuclear envelope breaks down; Centriole moves to opposite poles

Metaphase

Sister chromatids line up at the M plate; Centromeres attach to centrioles via spindle fibers

Anaphase

Centrioles and spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids apart

Telophase

Nuclear envelope reforms; Cytoplasm begins to divide

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides and forms two new genetically identical daughter cells

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes begin to unravel into chromatin

Telophase

What do nucleotides not contain

A hexose sugar

Golgi Apparatus

Helps to process molecules used by the cell and those destined for export

How do proteins arrive at the Golgi apparatus

After passing through the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are synthesized

What is a function of the Golgi apparatus

Packaging of proteins

What initiates mitosis

Mitosis is triggered by cyclin-dependent kinases

Where is the pressure highest within the circulatory system

Aorta

Where is pressure the lowest within the circulatory system

Vena Cava

What organ system does not participate in thermoregulation

Excretory System

Which chemical is primarily responsible for regulating vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Epinephrine

How does the exchange of gas and solute occur in the capillaries?

Bulk Flow

Which molecule can be exchanged at the capillaries?

Ions

What is the function of the atria?

To collect blood from all over the body

What phenomena’s are responsible for the movement of fluid between blood vessels and the interstitium

Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure

What describes the peak arterial pressure during cardiac muscle contraction

Systolic Pressure

Systole

When the heart is at work

Systolic Blood Pressure

Pressure exerted when blood is ejected into the arteries

Diastole

When the heart is at rest

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Pressure blood exerts within arteries between heart beat

Mean Arterial Pressure

The time weighted average of the two pressures

Oncotic Pressure

Osmotic pressure created by proteins suspended in the blood

Endothelial Cells

Allow for gas exchange

What is the common pathway shared between the respiratory and digestive system?

Pharynx

What is the larynx also referred to as?

The voice box

Where does the larynx lead to?

The lungs

What is the trachea?

Largest airway of the respiratory system allowing the inward and outward flow of air to the lungs

Surfactant serves to disrupt service tension, which is high in the lungs due to what?

The presence of water molecules

What does the bronchi of the lungs branch from?

The trachea

What are alveoli?

Terminal end points of the respiratory system acting as the site of gas exchange.

The cilia lining bronchi and bronchioles function to do what?

Move mucus out of the lungs

How does the innate immune system protect the lungs and airway?

Using cilia, mucus and nasal hairs

What do the pleurae/membranes that cover the surface of the lungs do?

Reduce friction, create a pressure gradient and compartmentalize the lungs

As the site for gas exchange, alveoli cells are:

Flat

Flat Shape Cells

Necessary for rapid gas exchange

Layered Tissue

Typically found at sites where cells are lost to friction → esophagus

Cube Shape Cells

Good when larger molecules need to be exchange → Tubules of the kidney

Columnar Cells

Large and usually found within the intestine

Voltaic (Galvanic) Cell

Convert chemical energy into electrical energy, producing a current from a spontaneous redox reaction

Electrolytic Cell

Use electrical energy from an external source to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction

What do fewer ions mean in terms of conductivity?

Lower electrical conductivity

What do more ions mean in terms of conductivity?

Greater electrical conductivity

Common Ion Effect

Decreased solubility of an ion due to the addition of another ion, which it forms an insoluble precipitate

Galvanic Cell Equation

M=It/nF

M - number of moles of metal

I - current

n - moles of electrons produced during oxidation

t - time

F - Faraday’s constant

When Q < K

The reaction will proceed in the forward direction until equilibrium is achieved

When Q = K

The reaction is at equilibrium

When Q > K

The reaction will proceed in the reverse direction until equilibrium is achieved

Energy Equation

E = hc / λ

Membrane Bound Organelles

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Lysosomes. Vacuoles, Vesicles, and Peroxisomes

What component of the cytoskeleton is largest in size?

Microtubules

What component of the cytoskeleton is smallest in size?

Microfilaments

What component of the cytoskeleton is intermediate in size?

Intermediate Filaments

Following S-phase and prior to mitosis, each chromosome consists of two what?

Chromatids

The Wobble Base Hypothesis

By changing the 3rd nucleotide, there is still potential for proper binding

Eukaryotes

Organisms that possess cells with a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Such as bacteria, lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

MtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA)

Genetic material found in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

Organ of Corti

Located within the inner ear’s cochlea and contains specialized sensory cells called hair cells responsible for detecting sound

Tympanic Membrane

Essential part of the ear that starts the propagation of vibrations that lead to signals that our brain perceives as sound

Semicircular Canals

Essential in helping to maintain balance

Malleus

Portion of the eardrum connected to the tympanic membrane, that vibrates after the membrane vibrates, hitting the incus

Sound waves entering the auditory canal travel to the inner ear via

The tympanic membrane → Ossicles → Oval window

What is the vestibule responsible for?

Detecting changes in balance in equilibrium

Vestibule Mnemonic

Issues with the Vestibule can cause Vertigo

Sound waves pass the ossicles in what order?

Malleus → Incus → Stapes

Cardiomyocytes require what dense energy fuel source

Fatty Acids

Kinetic Energy Equation

KE = ½ mv²

What enzyme is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase-1

How does kinetic energy relate to height?

Kinetic Energy is at its minimum at its maximum height

What is the electrical pathway of the heart?

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Why do cardiac muscles show sustained and prolonged contractions?

The slow closing of voltage-gated calcium channels

Where is the fastest conduction of electrical impulses within the heart?

Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers

Where is the slowest conduction of electrical impulses within the heart?

AV node and bundle of His

Where are the Bundle of His found

Interventricular septum

If the SA node were damaged, where in the ECG would it show?

The P wave

Repolarization of the SA node occurs due to what?

The outward flow of potassium

The T wave of an ECG represents what?

Ventricular repolarization

The slowing of the electrical signal at the AV node is most likely due to what?

The myocytes having fewer gap junctions

What occurs during the QRS complex

Both ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization