HHD Unit 4 AOS 1

Define Safe Water

Refers to water that is not contaminated by human waste, disease causing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses or chemicals such as lead and mercury.

What does Safe Water involve?

- Involves having adequate infrastructure to supply clean water

- Required for human consumption, ensuring optimal functioning of cells

What are the implications of not having Safe Water?

Collecting water takes lots of time, takes away time from pursuing education/employment, therefore decreasing social and spiritual health.

Define Sanitation

Refers to the provision of services and facilities for the safe disposal of human waste, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions.

What are the implications of a lack of Sanitation?

- Contaminated water supplies increases risk of cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid

- repeated infection requires medical treatment, which increases financial stress and therefore decreases mental health and wellbeing

Define Poverty

Relates to deprivation of resources such as food, water and healthcare that results from lack of access to money. People living in poverty lack the ability to access basic resources to live healthy and fulfilling lives.

Extreme Poverty

Proportion of people living on less than US$1.90 per day.

Relative Poverty

Individuals living on less than 50% of the country's average income.

Example of High-Income country

Australia

Example of Upper Middle-Income country

Mexico

Example of Lower Middle-Income country

Indonesia

Example of Low-Income country

Zimbabwe

Low-Income salary bracket

Average of less than $1025, based on GNI per capita

Lower Middle-Income salary bracket

Average from $1026-$4025, based on GNI per capita

Upper Middle-Income salary bracket

Average from $4026-$12475, based on GNI per capita

High-Income salary bracket

Average more than $12476, based on GNI per capita

Economic Characteristics of countries

Levels of poverty, Industries, Global Trade opportunities, Debt, Income.

Social Characteristics of countries

Gender Equality, Education, Employment, Birth rates/Population growth, Health systems.

Environmental Characteristics of countries

Housing, Food security, Infrastructure, Safe water/Sanitation, CO2 emissions.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Economic Sustainability

Relates to ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise inline with inflation and future living costs.

Aspects of Economic Sustainability

Trade, Economic growth, Innovation and diversity of industries, employment.

Impact of good Economic Sustainability

Employment allows individuals to earn an income and purchase health-promoting resources, giving them the means to prevent and treat conditions. This growth allows governments to provide infrastructure and services, such as clean water and sanitation, therefore increasing pride and sanitation and supporting spiritual health and wellbeing.

Social Sustainability

Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

Aspects of Social Sustainability

Peace and security, Access to safe & decent working conditions, gender equality and elimination of poverty.

Impact of good Social Sustainability

Safer working conditions decreases the number of injuries from work-related accidents. This allows people to feel safe and valued at work, and allows them to earn a reliable income, therefore reducing stress and therefore promoting good mental health and wellbeing.

Environmental Sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.

Aspects of Environmental Sustainability

Biodiversity, use of natural resources, waste removal & pollution, climate change, sustainable agricultural practices.

Impact of good Environmental Sustainability

Reducing effects of climate change results in fewer natural disasters, therefore reducing the rates of death and injury from these events. Predictable weather patterns allows for crops to grow efficiently, therefore lowering food insecurity.

Inequality

Refers to the state of not being equal, particularly in status and opportunities.

Discrimination

Relates to unjust/prejudicial treatment.

Factors affecting Inequality/Discrimination

Race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity

Affect of Inequality/Discrimination

Increased social exclusion, lowered self-esteem, Increase in mental health disorders, decrease in education and employment opportunities, decrease in participation in society.

Affect of Inequality/Discrimination due to sex

Forced to marry, increase in obstetric fistula, increase in violence and injuries, increase in FGM, decrease in education, increase in HIV/AIDS.

Factors affecting Global Distribution/Marketing

The sales and promotion of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.

Affect of Global Distribution/Marketing due to tobacco

High-income countries have high health literacy and lots of laws and regulations to prevent smoking. This therefore decreases rates of smoking and therefore there is an increase of sales to Low-income countries, therefore increasing rates of cancer/CVD/respiratory conditions, therefore increasing double burden of disease.

Affect of Global Distribution/Marketing due to alcohol

increase in prevalence of liver disease/CVD, also an increase in alcohol abuse. Increase in alcohol abuse leads to an increase in mental illnesses, lowering individuals' ability to lead healthy lives.

Affect of Global Distribution/Marketing due to processed foods

Increase in non-communicable diseases (e.g. type 2 diabetes, CVD, Cancer). Low-income countries have poorer health outcomes and has a larger impact than in high-income countries.

Double Burden of Disease

Impacts Middle- and Low-income countries. An increase in communicable diseases from poverty, preventing access to resources. Increase in non-comunicable diseases from increased marketing and distribution of tobacco/alcohol/processed foods.

Human Development

Creating an enabling environment in which people can:

- develop to their full Potential

- Participate in their community

- lead Productive and creative lives

- expand their Choices

- enhance Capabilities

- have access to Knowledge and Health

- enjoy a Decent standard of living

Human Development Index

Tool developed by the United Nations that measures and ranks the level of social and economic development experienced by a country. It provides a single statistic between 0-1 based on three dimensions-a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living - and four indicators - Gross Net Income, Expected years of schooling, means years of schooling and life expectancy at birth.

Mean years of schooling vs Expected years of schooling

Mean years of schooling; Average number of years achieved by those aged 25 and over. Expected years of schooling; Number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age.

Advantages of the Human Development Index

- The statistic between 0-1 makes it easy to compare and evaluate between countries.

- Takes into account more than just economic measures, therefore providing a more comprehensive representative representation of human development levels.

Limitations of the Human Development Index

- Some low-income countries lack the resources to adequately measure and collect required data for this index, making some of the data unreliable and difficult to confirm.

- This index is based on averages, and therefore does not indicate inequalities that exist within countries. E.g. Mumbai

Global trend of Climate Change

Rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and extreme weather conditions

Impact on health: Increase in floods, increases contamination of water supply, increases prevalence of cholera

Global trend of Conflict & Mass Migration

Movement of large groups of people from one geographical location to another. Conflict results in violence and war.

Impact on health: ability to attend school and work decreases, therefore reduces social and spiritual health and wellbeing

Global trend of increased world trade and tourism

Trade; exchange of goods and services between countries

E.g. provides job opportunities for local workers, therefore increasing income, however can cause poor working conditions (long hours and unfair wages), therefore increasing stress as people feel unsafe at work, therefore decreasing mental health and wellbeing

Tourism; the commercial organisation and operation of holidays and visits to places of interest

Impact on health: tourism increases job opportunities, increases income, reduces stress, increases mental health and wellbeing.

Global trend of access to digital technologies and increased knowledge sharing

The world is becoming increasingly connected. People can deliver/access services, share/obtain information and interact with each other.

Impact on health: Increase in access to health information, increases health literacy, increases ability to monitor, improve health and prevent ill health.