ansc 240 final exam

which small ruminant has a downward pointing tail?

sheep

which small ruminant has 54 diploid chromosomes?

sheep

which small ruminant has 60 diploid chromosomes?

goat

which small ruminant has an upward pointing tail?

goat

which small ruminant produces hair?

goat

which small ruminant produces wool? (usually)

sheep

classification of sheep

ovis aries

when and what from were sheep domesticated?

6,000 BC, descended from Mouflon

what is a castrated male sheep called?

a wether

what is an adult male sheep called?

ram

what is an adult female sheep called?

ewe

meat sheep breeds

cheviot- open face, dark fiber

dorset- permanent horns with full blood supply

suffolk-big, queen of the hill

hampshire, shropshire, southdown, texel, tunis

fine wool sheep breeds

delaine-merino- from spain, folded neck skin

ranbouillet- from france

long wool sheep breeds

romney- good temperment, from new zealand

lincoln, cotswold

dual purpose sheep breeds

colombia- meat and wool

corriedale- meat and wool

east friesian- dairy

finnsheep- breeding

polypay- breeding

targhee- meat and fiber

hair and double coated sheep breeds

katadhin- good temperment, no shearing, synthetic wool breed (developed by people)

romanov- double coated

st. croix- heat tolerant, rocky soil (leads to foot rot)

barbados blackbelly, dorper, pelibuey, santa inez

minor and exotic sheep breeds

gulf coast native- survival of the fittest, don’t need to get dewormed, most endangered sheep

navajo-churro- second most endangered in USA, survival of the fittest

shetland- endangered

awassi, icelandic sheep, jacob sheep, wiltshire horn

goat classification

capra hircus

young intact male goat

buckling

castrated male goat

wether

young female goat

doeling

adult male goat

buck/billy

adult female goat

doe/nanny

when and what were goats domesticated from?

7,000-6,000 BC, descended from bezoar goat

fiber goat breeds

angora- produces mohair, very valuable, from new zealand

cashmere

meat goat breeds

boer- snuck out of South Africa through embryo in Angora goat, sold for $80,000

spanish- US version of meat goat, spanish brought in 1500, survival of the fittest

myotonic- fainting goats, only purebred, imporper balance of sodium ion concentration in brain

kiko- feral new zealand goats

pigmy- difficulty in lambing

dairy goat breeds

anglo-nubian- used for meat before Boer, jersey of goat, high milk fat

saanen- holstein of goat, lots of milk production, high milk fat

alpine- moderate milk production

toggenburg- always the same color

lamancha- mutation developed in california

nigerian dwarf- tiny

minor and exotic goat breeds

oberhasli- not common

san clemente- survival of the fittest

where does pregastric fermentation occur?

rumen-reticulum

what does pregastric fermentation allow for?

VFA absorption

what is the function of the omasum?

water resorption

what is the function of the abomasum?

true stomach

3 parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jenunum, ileum

purpose of the cecum

postgastric fermentation, minimal

small ruminant stomach size

4\.5 gallons

dairy cow stomach size

36 gallons

true or false, sheep and goats have more salivary glands than cows

true

what is antispiralis?

a method of water resorption that creates pellet droppings in animals like deer and sheep

major microorganism in rumen

bacteria

mid microoganisms in rumen

protozoa

minimal microorganisms in rumen

fungi

what is the environment in the rumen-reticulum like?

warm, moist, anaerobic

how to cattle eat?

bulk grazers, they have molars but no teeth in front so they have a dental pad

true or false, cows have a slower fermentation rate than small ruminants

true, because they need to break down cellulose

cattle liver size

small

cattle intestine size

20-30x body size

how do small ruminants eat?

concentrated grazers, with a high fermentation rate and short intestine and large liver

small ruminant interstine size

12-15x body size

what plant will kill small ruminants?

azalea

what causes milk fever?

imbalance of phosphorus and calcium

how many small ruminants can be placed with 1 cow calf unit?

1-2 small ruminants with each cow/calf unit or 5 small ruminants in replacement of each cow/calf unit

how many hours to sheep spend grazing?

7 hours

how many hours do cattle spend grazing?

8 hours

what is rotational grazing?

moving animals to new pasture every once in a while

benefits of rotational grazing

improves performance 20-30%, decreases chances of parasite infections, keeps pastures from being over worked

what is strategic supplementation?

providing supplemental feed only when required (ex winter time when pasture is low quality

how long does it take sperm to mature?

50-60 days

mixed species grazing

the use of 2 or more species of herbivores foraging a common field

what is graze?

Pure or mixed stands of native or planted forage crops

forbs

weeds

browse

brush/ trees

what do horses prefer?

grass

what do cows prefer?

70% grass, 20% forbs, 10% browse

what do sheep prefer?

60% grass, 30% forbs, 10% brush

what do goats prefer?

20% grass, 30% forbs, 60% browse

Haemonchus Contortus

deadly internal parasite that affects small ruminants, gastrointestinal roundworm, sucks blood

problems caused by H. Contortus

protein loss, blood pooling, diarrhea, weight loss, unthriftiness, loss of appetite, reduced reproductive capacity and performance, ANEMIA and EDEMA

life cycle of H. contortus

21 days, larvae in L3 stage are ingested, travel to abomasum, either further larval stages (L4) and develop into adults or go into hypobiosis (arrested developmental stage)

how much blood can H. contortus drink in a day?

1/10 an animal’s blood

how to treat H. contortus?

anthelmintics, issue arises because few are FDA approved and resistance is common

FAMACHA test

developed in south africa, uses mucous membranes near eyeball to determine the level of anemia

when are ewes bred?

7-9 months

what does seasonally polyestrous mean?

ewe’s breeding cycle is controlled by the photoperiod, breed in fall, lamb in spring. short day breeders

estrous cycle

17 days, full ovulation cycle

estrus

24 hours, actually being in heat “fertile period”

how many ewes can a mature ram breed?

35-50 ewes

when do rams reach sexual maturity?

7-8 months if they have reached approximately 50% of their mature size

when should you vaccinate ewes?

during late pregnancy to ensure that lambs get antibodies in the colostrum

true or false: a ewe’s natural immunity to internal parasites is weakened around the time of lambing

true, this is called periparturient egg rise

when does most fetal growth occur?

last month of pregnancy

what is pregnancy toxemia?

ketosis caused by inadequate intake of energy during late pregnancy, causes difficulty birthing

how long is a ewe’s gestation period?

142-152 days (5 months)

what is the most common lambing intervals?

once a year is most common, however every 8 months is also realistic

STAR lambing season

ewes have opportunity to produce lambs 5 times during a 3 year period

3 stages of parturition

dialation of cervix (3-4 hours), expulsion of fetus(es) (1 hr of less post water bag rupture), expulsion of placenta (passed 2-3 hours after delivery is finished

true or false: first time ewe moms are more likely to have twins

false, first time moms are more likely to have single births

when do ewes produce their largest litters?

between 3 to 6 years old

what are the most prolific breeds?

Romanov and Finnsheep. Hair sheep breeds and east friesan also have higher lambing rates

average lamb size at birth

between 5-12 lbs, usually 8-10 lbs

how fast can lambs stand?

30 minutes after birth

importance of colostrum

first milk, gives passive immunity through antibodies from mother to lamb to protect from infection for the first weeks of life

when is the best time to wean lambs?

there is no best time but the average is around 4 months

how do you wean the lamb?

take mom away from young

when can lambs begin to digest feed?

3 weeks old

how much milk is produced in the first 8 weeks of lactation?

74%

what are common health problems in newly weaned lambs?

coccidiosis (black leg disease), worm parasites, and enterotoxemia (over eating disease)

when are lambs vaccinated?

6-8 weeks of age, prior to weaning

when do does reach puberty?

4-12 months of age

true or false: goats are also seasonally polyestrous

true, breed in fall

average doe estrous cycle length?

18-24 days, average of 21