Lecture Notes Review: Glands, Body Plan, Integumentary and Cardiovascular Systems

A set of QUESTION_AND_ANSWER flashcards covering glands, body orientation and cavities, integumentary system, and cardiovascular system including heart, vessels, valves, circulation, and common diseases.

What are the two types of glands?

Exocrine and endocrine.

What does a gland do?

Makes and secretes a product.

What does ventral/anterior refer to?

The front of the body.

What does dorsal/posterior refer to?

Toward the back.

What does superior refer to?

Toward the head.

What does inferior refer to?

Toward the feet.

What does medial refer to?

Closer to the midline of the body.

What does lateral refer to?

Away from the midline.

What does proximal refer to?

Closer to the point of attachment to the body.

What does distal refer to?

Away from the point of attachment to the body.

Which cavity is ventral and what does it contain?

The ventral body cavity; contains the thoracic (chest) and abdominal/pelvic regions.

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and helps with breathing?

The diaphragm.

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

The cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral (spinal) canal.

What are the two main regions of the skin?

Dermis and epidermis.

Name the accessory organs of the skin.

Nails, hair, and glands.

What organs are included in the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, and glands.

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

The heart and blood vessels.

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Transport (blood, oxygen, nutrients, wastes).

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart and what color are they typically shown?

Arteries; red.

Which vessels return blood to the heart and what color are they typically shown?

Veins; blue.

Where does exchange occur in the circulatory system?

In capillary beds.

What is endothelium?

The thin inner epithelium lining blood vessels.

What is the middle layer of blood vessels and what does it mainly contain?

The middle layer contains smooth muscle.

What are the left and right atrioventricular valves called?

Left: bicuspid/mitral valve; Right: tricuspid valve.

What feeds the heart muscle?

Coronary arteries and veins.

What does the “lub” sound indicate?

Closure of the AV valves.

What does the “dub” sound indicate?

Closure of the semilunar valves.

What is a pulse?

A surge of blood into an artery causing the walls to stretch and recoil.

What is blood pressure?

The pressure that blood exerts against a blood vessel wall.

What are systolic and diastolic pressures?

Systolic is the highest pressure during contraction; diastolic is the lowest pressure when the heart rests.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure.

What is hypotension?

Low blood pressure.

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Circulates blood through the lungs.

What is the systemic circuit?

Circulates blood through the body.

Name some cardiovascular diseases mentioned.

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, heart failure.

What is atherosclerosis?

Buildup of plaque in the walls of blood vessels.

What causes a stroke?

Cranial artery is blocked or bursts.

What is a heart attack?

Lack of oxygen in the heart.

What is an aneurysm?

Weakening of blood vessel walls.

What is heart failure?

The heart no longer pumps properly.