Exam 3 Study

Baroque

overly decorated, action and movement, exuberant and sensal

Catholic Counter-Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Protestant Reformation

was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church.

30 year war (1618-1648)

Giacomo della Porta

Facade of Il Gesu

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

II Gesu

The Church of the Gesù is the mother church of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Officially named Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all'Argentina, its facade is "the first truly baroque façade", introducing the baroque style into architecture.

Pope Alexander VII

His administration worked to support the Jesuits. However, his administration's relations with France were strained due to his frictions with French diplomats.

Alexander was interested in architecture and supported various urban projects in Rome. He also wrote poetry and patronized artists who expanded the decoration of churches

Pope Urban VIII Barberini

He expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts and a reformer of Church missions.

papal patronage

Works of art commissioned by the pope.

Rococo

"Late Baroque", is a highly ornamental and theatrical style of decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colors, sculpted molding, and trompe l'oeil frescoes to create the illusions of surprise, motion and drama

Giambattista Tiepolo

a Rococo artist from Italy

Lisbon Earthquake of 1755

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake, occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on the morning of Saturday, 1 November, Feast of All Saints, at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami, the earthquake almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas

"Sun King" Louis XIV

broke with tradition and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister. He viewed himself as the direct representative of God, endowed with a divine right to wield the absolute power of the monarchy.

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Fire of London 1666

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Scientific revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Baldacchino

cloth canopy for alters

Peace of Westphalia 1648

was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion, including the Thirty Years' War.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship. Forbade clerical marriage.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome "Classism"

Florence

an Italian city-state and leading cultural center during the Renaissance

Familia de Medici

The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century

Lorenzo "the Magnificent" Medici

A ruler in Florence who becomes Patron of the Arts

Early Renaissance 1400-1500

Early Renaissance Artists (1400-1490) Up until about 1300, European painting, sculpture and architecture were dominated by forms of Gothic art, which drew much of its inspiration from Byzantine art of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... The Italian Renaissance proper emerged during the quattrocento (1400-1500).

Filippo Brunelleschi

Father of Renaissance Architecture

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence

della Robbia terra cotta

Luca della Robbia created a pottery glaze that made his creations more durable in the outdoors and thus suitable for use on the exterior of buildings. also a terracotta sculpture of Madonna and child. is famous especially for having brought the glazed terracotta technique to sculpture

pietra serena

"serene stone" often used by Brunelleschi

stile nuovo

new style

Leon Battista Alberti

An accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence. Designed the Santa Maria Novella facade.

High Renaissance 1500-1600

it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Donato Bramante

He introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his plan for St. Peter's Basilica formed the basis of design executed by Michelangelo

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

Pope Leo X

This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther

Pope Paul III

Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

piazza

a public square or marketplace, especially in an Italian town.

palazzo

(palace) a large home, especially in Italy

Renaissance Man

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

Giorgio Vasari

Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574); wrote The Lives of the Artists. Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.

Patronage

the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

Guilds

Guilds were organizations for businessmen and craftsmen. Their main purpose was to help their members make money through the sale of their goods and services. Guilds began hundreds of years before the Renaissance, but during the years of the Renaissance they flourished and grew.

senza armadura

without centering

Rustication

Heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply channelled joints, used principally on Renaissance buildings

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Carlo Borromeo

Led Council of Trent

court artist

an artist who painted for the members of a royal or noble family

fresco

painting on wet plaster

Sistine Chapel

A chapel adjoining Saint Peter's Basilica, noted for the frescoes of biblical subjects painted by Michelangelo on its walls and ceilings. The Creation is one of the notable subjects of the ceiling paintings, and the judgment day is depicted on the rear wall of the chapel.

Peita

A pietà (Italian pronunciation: [pjeˈta]; meaning "pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, most often found in sculpture.

David

David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created in marble between 1501 and 1504 by the Italian artist Michelangelo. David is a 5.17-metre (17.0 ft) marble statue of the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.

I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura

The Four Books of Architecture written by the architect Andrea Palladio

King Francois I

A prodigious patron of the arts, he initiated the French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work on the Château de Chambord, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the rise of absolute monarchy in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World.

Plateresque

"in the manner of a silversmith", was an artistic movement, especially architectural, developed in Spain and its territories, which appeared between the late Gothic and early Renaissance in the late 15th century, and spread over the next two centuries.

Vitruvius

Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture

Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas

3 requirements of architecture, "Commodity, firmness, and delight"

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Francesco Petrarch

Francesco Petrarca, commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was a scholar and poet of Renaissance Italy who was one of the earliest humanists. His rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. Petrarch is often considered the founder of Humanism.

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy

tondo

a circular painting or relief sculpture

Sacristy

a room in a church where a priest prepares for a service, and where vestments and other things used in worship are kept.

giant order

an order of columns extending through two or more storeys

Humansim

the intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that ued the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome to increase their understanding of their own times.

Villa Suburbana

Located on the outskirts of the city

Sack of Rome (1527)

The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527 was a military event carried out in Rome by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac —the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy

quattrocento

the 1400s, or fifteenth century, in Italian art

Venetian Republic

longest lasting of the Italian states; greatest maritime power in Italy during 14th & 15th century

Laws of the Indies

A code of laws that stated how the colonies of New Spain should be organized and ruled. including town planning.

Rathaus

town hall