Functional Anatomy Unit 1 Exam

anatomical position

standing upright, feet apart, toes pointing forward, head forward, arms at side, palms forward

anterior

front, volar, ventral

proximal

closer to the trunk (point to attachment)

distal

further from the trunk

radial

on the lateral side (anatomical position); thumb side

ulnar

on the medial side of the arm (anatomical position); pink side

superior

above

inferior

below

posterior

back or dorsal

cranial

toward the head

caudal

towards the tail

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

opposite side of the body

origin

proximal attachment- less moveable point

insertion

distal attachment- more moveable attachment

surface anatomy

describes the features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin

bony landmark

component of bone that protrudes beneath skin

kinesiology

study of human movement

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal axis

medial and lateral

sagittal axis

runs from front to back

vertical axis

straight line from top of head to feet

center of rotation

the point about which a figure is rotated

hinge joint

joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder joints, rotates around 3 axes

gliding joint

two flat surfaces of adjacent bones, least movement, gliding movements between surfaces, carpal bones of the wrist

saddle joint

modified ellipsoid joint, convex and concave articulating surfaces, motion around 2 joints, carpometacarpal joint of thumb

pivot joint

motion around 1 axis, bones rotating around another, atlantoaxial joint

ellipsoid joint

oval shaped convex, articulates with elliptical concave basin of another, motion around 2 axes, radiocarpal joint

5 parts of the integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

3 layers of the integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

function of epidermis

provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone

parts of the epidermis

Come Lets Get Sun Burned

-stratum corneum

-stratum lucid- only in hands/feet

-stratum granulosum

-stratum spinosum

-stratum basale

3 layers of the dermis

papillary layer, reticular layer, subcutis

hypodermis is composed of

adipose tissue (fatty tissue)

function of the integumentary system

1. protection

2. holds us together

3. temperature control

4. synthesizes vitamin D

5. sensation

4 stages of the wounds

1. hemostasis phase

2. inflammatory phase

3. proliferative phase

4. maturation phase

what happens during the hemostasis phase

-blood vessel constriction

-clotting

-coagulation

what happens during the inflammatory phase

-phagoctosis of bacteria and debris

-removal of debris

-moncytes present

-immune response

-swelling

what happens during the proliferative phase

• wound contraction

• myofibroblasts

• monocytes convert to macrophages

• angiogenesis

• creating new blood supplies

what happens during maturation phase

• remodeling phase

• wound fully closes

• tissue remodeling and strengthening

• apoptosis

platelet

tiny, colorless blood cell fragments made in the bone marrow that are crucial for stopping bleeding by forming clots at sites of injury

thrombus

a blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel or the heart

collagen

body’s most abundant protein, main structural component that provides strength, support, elasticity to connective tissue

granulation tissue

connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during the healing process

chronic wound

skin injury, open sore or ulcer, fails to heal in a timely manner

arterial ulcer

wounds formed by poor blood flow form narrowed or blocked arteries

venous ulver

an open sore on the lower legs or feet cause by poor venous blood flow— blood pooling

diabetic ulcer

open sores or wounds, typically in the feet, develop in people with diabetes due to nerve damage and poor circulation, leading to a reduced sensation and impaired healing

pressure ulcers

skin and tissue damage from prolonged pressure, often over bony areas

basic divisions of the nervous system

central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS)

afferent

sensory neurons, toward CNS

efferent

motor neurons, away from CNS

parts of a neuron

cell body, axon, axon hillock, mylin sheath, dendrites

motor neurons

neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

sensory neurons

neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

sympathtic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations- fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy - rest and digest

what makes up the sensorimotor system

primary sensory cortex, secondary sensory cortex, association cortex, motor planning areas, primary motor cortex

primary sensory cortex

perceives and discriminates sensory information

secondary sensory cortex

recognizes specific sensation

association cortex

connects sensory perception to prior memory, interprets meaning of sensation, and facilitates goal-directed planning and use of sensation

motor planning areas

plans specific movements, sequencing, timing

primary motor cortex

plans specific movements, sequencing, timing

CN I

olfactory

sensory: smell

CN II

optic

sensory: vision

CN III

oculomotor

motor somatic: eye movement (up, down, add)

parasympathetic: sphincter pupillage, contracts ciliary

CN IV

trochlear

motor somatic: eye movement (inward and down)

CN V

trigeminal

sensory: anterior scalp, nasal cavity, face, oral cavity, teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue, auricle of ear

motor somatic: mastication

CN VI

abducens

motor somatic: eye (abduction)

CN VII

facial

sensory: taste anterior 2/3 of tongue

motor somatic: muscles of facial expression

motor parasympathetic : lacrimal glands of eye, salivary glands

CN VIII

vestibulocochlear

sensory: hearing and balance

CN IX

glossopharyngeal

sensory: taste and touch posterior 1/3 tongue

motor somatic: swallowing

motor parasympathetic: salivary glands

CN X

vagus

sensory: hearts, lungs, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, gastrointestinal, external ear

motor somatic: pharynx and larynx

motor parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, abdominal organs

CN XI

spinal accessory

motor somatic: scapula, trapezius

CN XII

hypoglossal

motor somatic: tongue movement

Chambers of the heart

right and left atria, right and left ventricles

Heart valves

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), left atrioventricular (bicuspid, mitral) valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve

Major heart vessels - superior

superior/inferior vena cava, ascendign aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, subclavian vein, brachiocephalic vein, cephalic vein, basilic vein, internal jugualr vein, celiac trunk, renal artery, renal vein, axillary artery, brachial artery, ulnar artery, radial artery, superior mesentric artery

Major heart vessels- inferior

inferior mesenteric artery, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, common iliac vein, external iliac vein, internal iliac vein, great saphenous vein

Ventricles and valves create a pump

Diastole: ventricles are relaxed, atrioventricular valves open, allowing blood to flow from atria into ventricles

Systole: Ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close so blood can't flow back to atria, semilunar valves open, blood is ejected (right ventricle goes to lungs, left ventricle goes out to the body)

*Valves open and close based on pressure changes, blood flows only in one direction

Maintaining pressure in the circulatory system:

Systolic pressure: peak pressure, produced by contracting ventricles

Diastolic pressure: pressure decreases in the arteries when ventricles relax

Blood flow and resistance contribute to blood pressure:

Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure, more resistance increases blood pressure as blood flow is restricted

Body's response to short-term changes in blood pressure

Alterations in blood vessel diameter changes the distribution of blood around the body (more or less depending on vasoconstriction/vasodilation). epinephrine and norepinephrine raise HR and blood volume, kidneys control sodium and fluid volume in the body

Why high blood pressure is detrimental to overall health:

Damages arterial walls, messes with circulation, endangers heart, lungs, brain, kidneys

Mechanisms for high BP medications: Diuretics

rid excess water and salt from the body, in turn helps to lower BP

Mechanisms for high BP medications: Beta-blockers

help to lower heart rate which in turn lowers BP

Mechanisms for high BP medications: ACE inhibitors

Help body to produce less angiotensin which helps blood vessels to relax (lowering BP)

Mechanisms for high BP medications: Calcium channel blockers

Prevent calcium from entering the heart cells by relaxing narrow blood vessels (decreases BP)

Structure and function of blood vessels: innermost layer

3 layers: Tunica intima (inner most layer, smooth surface for blood flow, reduces friction, regulates exchange of substances and vascular tone).

Structure and function of blood vessels: middle layer

Tunica Media (middle layer, smooth muscle and elastic fibers, controls vessel diameter, regulates BP and blood flow distribution).

Structure and function of blood vessels: outermost layer

Tunica Externa (external layer, made of connective tissue, protexts and anchors vessels to surrounding tissues, prevents overexpansion of vessels)

Types of vessels: Arteries

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (thick walls, high pressure, small lumen)

Examples: aorta, carotid arteries

Types of vessels: Arterioles

Arterioles: regulate blood flow into capillary beds (thin walls with smooth muscle, control BP)

Types of vessels: Capillaries

Capillaries: where gas/nutrient/waste exchange occurs (narrow lumen, walls are only 1 cell thick)

3 types:

Continuous (muscle, skin, brain)

Fenestrated (kidneys, intestines)

Sinusoidal (liver, spleen, bone marrow)

Types of vessels: Venules

Venules: collect blood from capillaries (thin walls, low pressure)

Types of vessels: Veins

Veins: return blood to the heart (thin walls, large lumen, valves)

Examples: vena cava, jugular veins