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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Theories of Personality: Alfred Adler

Biography

  • Born on February 7, 1870 in Penzing, Austria

  • 2nd to 6 children, was raised in Vienna in the suburbs

  • Age of 5 developed pneumonia; this life threatening experience motivated Adler to pursue medicine

  • In 1895, received medical degree at University of Vienna; here he met a group of social students and his future wife, Raissa Timofeyewna Epstein, an intellect

  • Married in 1897 and had 4 children

  • He became a physician and had an office across from a circus in a lower-class part of Vienna

  • He later turned to psychiatry as it related to physical/mental disorders

  • In 1902, he met Freud and they formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society where Adler was the president

  • This led to Freud to claim Adler as a disciple

  • Founder of Individual Psychology

  • Passed away May 29, 1937 in Aberdeen, Scotland from a heart attack

  • Joined Freud’s discussion group in 1902

    • Adler’s views were initially compatible with Freud’s

  • Adler’s views changed and he began to criticize Freud’s theories

  • In 1911, Adler and 9 others broke away from Freud and formed “The Society for Individual Psychology”

  • Involvement in World War 1 helped develop the concept of social interest

Individual Psychology

  • Presents an optimistic view of a person resting heavily on social interest (feeling of oneness with all humankind)

Alfred Adler

  • Developed the approach of Individual Psychology

  • Contributions to understanding of personality

    • Notion of striving for superiority

    • Role of parental influence on personality development

    • Effects of birth order

FREUD

ADLER

Reduced all motivation to sex and aggression

Motivated by social influences and their striving for superiority and success

People have little or no choice in shaping their personality

People are responsible for who they are

Present behavior is shaped by past experiences

Present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the future

Put high emphasis on unconscious

Psychologically healthy people are aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it

  • Opposites do not contradict

  • Nature + nurture + creative power

  • Foundations for humanistic

  • Born with inferiority

  • Creative Power: you can choose who you want to be

  • Style of Life

    • Avoid -> avoid what is causing the inferiority

    • Dominant -> dominance over others

    • Getting -> dependence/relying on others

    • Parts of childhood experiences personality

    • We have to choose to change

Birth Order

  • First Born Children

    • Subjected to excessive attention from parents

    • Arrival of second child ends the pampering

    • Strong perception of inferiority

  • Middle-Born Children

    • Develop a strong superiority striving

    • Highest achievers

    • Try hard to catch up with their older siblings

  • Last Born Children

    • Pampered throughout their childhood

    • Vulnerable to strong inferiority feelings

6 Tenets of Adlerian Theory

  • Striving for Success/Superiority: the one dynamic force behind people’s behavior

  • People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality

  • Personality is unified and self-consistent

  • the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest

  • The self consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life

  • The style of life is molded by people’s creative power

Striving for Success and Superiority

  • Reduced all motivation to a single drive

  • Everyone begins life with physical deficiencies that activate feelings of inferiority

  • Psychologically unhealthy - strive for personal superiority

  • Psychologically healthy - seek success for all humanity

The Striving Force as Compensation

  • People strive for superiority/success as a means of compensation for feelings of inferiority/weakness

  • The striving force is innate but its nature and direction are due to feelings of inferiority and to the goal of superiority

  • Without the innate movement toward perfection, children would never set goal of superiority/success

The Final Goal

  • Each person has the power to create a personalized fictional goal

    • Provided by heredity and environment

    • Product of creative power – ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality

    • The final goal reduces the pain of inferiority, feelings and points that person in the direction of either superiority/success

Subjective Perceptions

  • People strive for superiority/success to compensate for feelings of inferiority but the manner in which they strive is not shaped by reality but by their subjective perceptions of reality – their fictions/expectations of the future

Fictionalism

  • Our most important fiction is the goal of superiority/success – a goal we created early in life and may not clearly understand

  • This guides our style of life, gives unity to our personality

  • Fictions are ideas that have no real experience yet they influence people as if they really existed

    • Ex. Men are superior than women

    • Ex. Humans have freewill that enable them to make choices

    • Ex. God rewards good and punishes evil

  • A person’s image of ultimate fulfillment (e.g., money, admiration, health, etc.; in neurotics this goal is inflexible)

  • Adler’s teleological view of motivation (vs. Freud’s causality)

Personality is United and Self-Consistent

  • The term Individual Psychology

    • Each person is unique and indivisible

    • Becoming defensive against unpredictability

  • Ways in which the entire person operates with unity and self-consistency

    • Organ Dialect

      • All separate actions and functions can be understood only as parts of the goal

      • The disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation

      • The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual’s goal

    • Conscious and Unconscious

      • The harmony between conscious and unconscious actions

      • The unconscious, part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual

Social Interest

  • Gemeinschaftsgefühl: German term for social interest

  • Social Interest

    • Attitude of relatedness with humanity as well as empathy for each member of the human community

    • Natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together

  • A person with well developed social interest strives not for personal superiority but for the perfection for all people in an ideal community

  • The natural inferiority of individuals necessitates their joining together to form a society

  • Social interest is a necessity for perpetuating the human species

    • Without protection and nourishment from a father/mother, a baby would perish

    • Without protection from the family/clan, our ancestors would have been destroyed by animals that were stronger

Mistaken Styles of Life

  • Ruling Type

    • Seek to dominate; may be antisocial/high achievers

    • Sense of aggression (masochism)

  • Getting Type

    • Dependent on others; may become depressed

    • Rely on others

    • Little effort to solve problems

  • Avoiding Type

    • Isolated and possibly cold

    • Molded by people’s creative power

      • You have a choice

      • Force your way through/adjust

Style of Life is Molded by People’s Creative Power

  • Creative Power

    • The freedom to create her/his own style of life

    • All people are responsible for who they are and how they behave

    • Way to solve problems

    • “The law of the low doorway” - bump or bend

      • Neuroticism

Abnormal Development

  • Neurosis: The Ruling Type

    • From childhood on, they are characterized by a tendency to be rather aggressive and dominant over others

    • The strength of their striving after personal power is so great that they tend to push over anything/anybody who gets in their way

    • The most energetic of them are bullies and sadists

    • Somewhat less energetic ones hurt others by hurting themselves, and include alcoholics, drug addicts, and suicides

  • Neurosis: The Getting Type

    • Relatively passive

    • Make little effort to solve their own problems

    • Instead, they rely on others to take care of them

    • Frequently use charm to persuade others to help them

  • Neurosis: The Avoiding Type

    • Have the lowest levels of energy and only survive by essentially avoiding life – especially other people

    • When pushed to the limits, they tend to become psychotic, retreating finally into their own personal worlds

  • Adler, like Freud, saw personality/lifestyle as something established quite early in life

  • Basic Childhood Situations that most contribute to a faulty lifestyle

  • Neurosis

    • People seen with exaggerated trait

    • Not normal but not clinically diagnosable

    • Childhood experiences that give rise to the personality

  1. Exaggerated physical deficiencies

  2. Pampered style of life

    • Spoiled; overdependent

  3. Neglected style of life

    • Exaggerate what’s going on

  • Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies

    • Must be accompanied by accentuated feelings of inferiority

    • They tend to be overly concerned with themselves

    • Lack consideration for others

    • Feel as if they are living in enemy country

    • Fear defeat more than they desire success

    • Life’s major problems can only be solved only in a selfish manner

  • Pampered Style of Life

    • The heart of most neuroses

    • Weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered

    • Parasitic relationship with one or both of their parents

    • Expect others to look after them, overprotect them, and satisfy their needs

    • Characterized by extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity, impatience, and exaggerated emotion, especially anxiety

  • Neglected Style of Life

    • Children who feel unloved and unwanted

    • Abused and mistreated children

    • Little confidence in themselves

    • Tend to overestimate difficulties connected with life’s major problems

    • Distrustful of other people and are unable to cooperate for the common welfare

    • Feel alienated from other people

    • More suspicious

Parental Influence on Personality Development

  • Parental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s life

  • Pampering

    • Robes the child of independence and adds to feelings of inferiority

  • Neglect

    • Children who receive little attention from their parents

    • Grow up cold and suspicious

    • Are incapable of warm personal relationships

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Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
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Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
noteNote
studied byStudied by 11 people
4.5(2)
Radioactivity
noteNote
studied byStudied by 68 people
5.0(1)
Chapter Fourteen: Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
noteNote
studied byStudied by 12 people
5.0(1)