ap euro unit 7

The final military action of the Crimean War was located ________.

along the coast of the Black Sea and at the Russian fortress of Sevastopol

Why did Great Britain and France align themselves with the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War?

they opposed Russian expansion in the eastern Mediterranean where they had naval and commercial interests.

Who were the Young Turks?

a group of reformist officers who wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire's constitution of 1876 ________.

called for a parliament

The Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane ________.

extended civic equality to all Ottoman subjects regardless of their religion

The Hatt-i Hümayun ________.

gave non-Muslims equal opportunities for state employment and state schools

The Italian peninsula was transformed into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy by ________.

1860

Count Camillo Cavour was a ________.

strong monarchist

Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi ________.

conducted guerrilla warfare in their attempts to establish an Italian republic

The two houses of the North German Confederation were the ________.

Bundesrat and Reichstag

The Paris Commune was composed of ________.

Radicals and socialists

Which of these ruled the French Second Empire?

Napoleon III

One of the objectives of the Paris Commune was to ________.

administer Paris separately from the rest of France

One of the accomplishments of the Third Republic was the creation of a ________, elected by universal male suffrage.

Chamber of Deputies

The Hungarians accepted which of the following?

the Compromise of 1867

Which of the following instituted the most extensive restructuring of Russian society and administration since Peter the Great?

Alexander II

Which of the following distinguished Russia from the rest of Europe in the 1800s, but was ended in February 1861?

serfdom

Following the January Insurrection of 1863, ________ was treated as merely another Russian province.

Poland

In 1850, all males in Russia were subject to military service for ________ years.

25

One of the flaws of Russia's new legal system, which was modeled after Western legal principles, was that ________.

the tsar could overrule the judge's sentence

In 1863, ________ nationalists unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Russian dominance.

Polish

The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced ________.

voting by secret ballot

The leader of Ireland's movement for home rule in the late 1800s was ________.

Charles Stewart Parnell

Who shepherded the Second Reform Act of 1867?

Benjamin Disraeli

Irish home rule passed the House of Lords in ________.

1914

The Crimean War was rooted in the ________.

long-standing desire of Russia to extend its influence over the Ottoman Empire

The Crimean War was the first to ________.

be covered by war correspondents and photographers

For the first twenty-five years after the Crimean War, European affairs were ________.

unstable as fears of revolutions declined and the great powers had less reverence for the Vienna settlement

Which of these describes the military operations of the Crimean War?

All of the troops were inept, ill-equipped, and poorly commanded.

Which element of nineteenth-century European order was destroyed by the Crimean War?

the Concert of Europe

Issued as a decree from the sultan, the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane attempted to ________.

reorganize the empire's administration and military along European lines

What event(s) demonstrated the Ottoman Empire's inability to regain its former power?

the Balkan wars of the late 1870s

The most important nationalist leader in Europe, who brought new fervor to the hopes of Italian nationalism and unification in the 1830s and 1840s, was ________.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Count Camillo Cavour's methods to achieve Italian unification would best coincide with which philosopher's ideology?

Machiavelli

A formal treaty in December 1858 confirmed an agreement between Count Camillo Cavour and Napoleon III that would ________.

provoke a war in Italy which would in turn permit Italy and France to defeat Austria

In 1866, Venetia was added to Italy in exchange for ________.

Italy's alliance with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War

Bismarck embraced the cause of German nationalism ________.

as a strategy to enable Prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals

Prussia excluded Austria from German affairs by ________.

defeating Austria in the Seven Weeks' War

In the 1860s, Napoleon III made concessions to the liberals ________.

to compensate for his failures in foreign policy

Emperor Francis Joseph's scheme for centralized administration of the Habsburg Empire meant that the government was dominated by ________.

German-speaking Austrians

Austria-Hungary's formation of a dual monarchy in 1867 ________.

meant that Austria and Hungary became virtually separate states

Which of the following groups would have supported the Ausgleich of 1867?

Hungarians

Czech "trialism" was vetoed and argued against because ________.

the Magyars believed they might be forced to make similar concessions to their own subject nationalities

The Balkan tensions of the late 1800s ________.

helped to spark the First World War

The Russian government responded to radical revolutionary groups that emerged in the late 1800s by ________.

increasing repression

What motivated Alexander II to abolish serfdom?

belief that serfdom would hold Russia back

Russian peasants responded to young revolutionaries who tried to win their support for social reforms based on the communal life of peasants by ________.

turning the revolutionaries over to the police

Refer to the essay "The Arrival of Penny Postage." How did the changes in the British postal service affect the quantity of mail and the size of the government work force?

Both the quantity of mail and the size of the government work force rose.

Gladstone's ministry of 1868 to 1874 witnessed the culmination of ________.

classical British liberalism

Ireland played the same role in British politics that ________did in Habsburg politics.

Hungary

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire were, in general, _______.

westernizing

The most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914 was ________.

German unification

Which of the following statements about Napoleon III is true?

Napoleon III died in exile in 1873.

Why was 1860 considered a turning point during the reign of Napoleon III?

It marked the shift from an authoritative empire into a liberal empire.

William Gladstone disestablished the Church of Ireland for what reason?

as a concession to Irish nationalism

Literacy rates were lowest in ________.

Italy

The Petit Journal is an example of ________.

a mass-circulation newspaper

Which of the following became a major factor in the emerging mass politics?

front-page editorials

By the start of World War I, most major nations of Europe ________.

began providing free public education for the masses

Auguste Comte developed the theory of ________.

positivism

The man generally accepted as the father of popular science fiction was ________.

Jules Verne

Who believed that the struggle in nature demonstrated how human beings should not behave?

Thomas Henry Huxley

Darwin's Descent of Man ________.

contended that neither the origin of humans nor human character required the existence of a god

Who believed that struggle against one's fellow human beings was an ethical imperative?

Herbert Spencer

Who contended that the story of Jesus was a myth?

David Friedrich Strauss

Friedrich Nietzsche portrayed Christianity as a religion that ________.

glorified human weaknesses

In France, the French Catholic Church and the Third French Republic ________.

were formally separated in 1905

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf ________.

was a failure

The doctrine of papal infallibility was first formally promulgated in ________.

1870

Max Weber believed that ________.

the emergence of rationalism was the major development in human history

In his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, Count Arthur de Gobineau ________.

portrayed Western troubles as springing from racial mixing

Theodor Herzl ________.

called for a separate Jewish state in which Jewish rights and liberties would be protected

The first genuinely realistic novel is considered to be ________.

Madame Bovary

What was the first important work by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche?

The Birth of Tragedy

In London, what group excluded women from its ranks, claiming that discussion of primitive people was an unfit subject for females?

the Ethnological Society

What type of view of women emerged in late-nineteenth-century fiction and art, inspired largely by pseudo-science?

a misogynistic view

T. H. Huxley claimed to have found ________.

scientific proof of female inferiority

Late-Victorian anthropologists drew a parallel between women and ________.

nonwhite races

Most social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century ________.

reinforced traditional gender roles

The Swedish writer Ellen Key believed that ________.

the government should financially support mothers and their children

Liberals and conservatives recognized that ________.

minimal education was needed to help keep new voters in check

Mass-circulation newspapers, when first introduced, were characterized by ________.

stories about sensational crimes and political scandals

Which of the following most helped the school-teaching profession grow?

state-sponsored education

Many of the books and journals of the late nineteenth century were mediocre because ________.

many new readers were only marginally literate

Which of the following statements about evolution is true?

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace explained how changes in species occur.

Auguste Comte's works were influential because they ________.

helped convince learned Europeans that all knowledge must resemble scientific knowledge

Herbert Spencer and Thomas Huxley were similar in ________.

writing responses to Darwin's work

By midcentury, science had a strong foothold in ________.

French and German universities

From midcentury on, writers used science to question ________.

religion

Which of the following modern-day practices would the Social Darwinists of the nineteenth century be most likely to support?

price wars between competitors

The salafiyya movement believed ________.

there was no inherent contradiction between science and Islam

The factor that caused the greatest loss of faith in Christianity among literate Europeans was ________.

doubt about the historical validity of the Bible

Scholars in Germany, France, and Britain claimed that humans had written and revised the books of the Bible to ________.

accommodate problems in Jewish society and politics

Skeptics who questioned the morality of Christianity cited ________.

the cruelty and unpredictability of the Old Testament God

Christian missionaries in Muslim lands were most successful in ________.

educating young Arabs in science and medicine

The primary reason churches opposed state-financed schools was they feared ________.

future generations educated in state-financed schools would lack religious training

The Manet painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère shows how ________.

leisure activities in modern urban life allowed people from different classes to mix

What field of science most influenced racial thinking at the end of the nineteenth century?

biology

Modernists were driven by ________.

a concern for the aesthetic

The Contagious Diseases Acts in England were designed to ________.

protect men from contracting diseases from prostitutes