motivation and hunger motivation

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

set point

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

achievement motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

basal metabolic rate

The rate at which a person uses energy when the body is at rest.

Henry Murray

developed thematic apperception test

Leptin

secreted fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Insulin

a protein made in the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose in the blood.

Glucose

A sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells

Lateral Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that produces hunger signals

Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that produces a signal to stop eating

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

External Incentives

Include the sight, sound, and smell of food- the availability of food

Culural Influences for Eating

Include the foods that our families and community eat and the process by which we consume food as a whole

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Grehlin

hormone from stomach that stimulates hunger

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Canon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

Theory of emotion that stats that people's experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. When people perceive physiological symptoms of arousal, they look for an environmental explanation of this arousal. The label people give an emotion depends on what they find in their environment.

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Washburn Study

Tsang Study

discovered that rats could still experience hunger with stomachs removed

Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson)

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects