bio 1111 || lab 3 exam

genes

units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA

gametes

sperm and eggs

46

humans have __ chromosomes in their somatic cells

locus

a gene’s specific position along a chromosome is called the _______

asexual reproduction

a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

clones

a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

sexual reproduction

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

life cycle

the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

23

human somatic cells have __ pairs of chromosomes (one set from mom, one set from dad)

homologous chromosomes / homologs

two chromosomes in each pair

diploid cell

2n has two sets of chromosomes

sex chromosomes

determines the sex of the individual, are called X and Y

female

which sex is this? XX

male

which sex is this? XY

autosomes

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

karyotype

an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

nonjisdunction

pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis &, as a result, one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy

trisomy 21

what disorder does this represent?

triple x syndrome

what disorder does this represent?

klinefelter syndrome

what disorder does this represent?

XYY syndrome

what disorder does this represent?

trisomy 18

what disorder does this represent?

trisomy 13

what disorder does this represent?

tuner syndrome

what disorder does this represent?

probability equation

# of ways event “A” can occur / total # of possible outcomes

false - always between 0-1 (as fraction/percentage)

true or false:
probability can exceed 0 and 1 — it never is between 0 and 1

rule of multiplication (the “and” rule)

determining the probability of two independent events, multiply the probabilities for each event

rule of addition (the “or” rule)

determining the probabilities of two dependent events, add the probability

heredity

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

genetics

the scientific study of heredity

phenotype

the PHYSICAL aspect/expression of a trait

genotype

the genetic makeup of a trait

true-breeding

result when self-fertilization produces offspring all identical to the parent

hybrids (aka genetic cross)

cross-fertilization = the offspring of two different varieties

P generation

true-breeding parental plants

F1 generation

hybrid offspring

F2 generation

cross of F1 plants results in __

monohybrid cross

follows a single gene

punnett square

a physical chart that shows the potential outcomes of a cross

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

states that alleles of a pair segregate independently of other allele pairs during gamete formation

DNA structure

phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

gel electrophoresis

detects the PRESENCE of DNA in a sample & the NUMBER OF NUCLEOTIDES in a fragment of DNA

electrical current

a sample which contains fragments of DNA is forced by an _______ ________ through a firm gel which is really a sieve with small holes of a fixed size

more nucleotides

will longer fragments have more or less nucleotides than short fragments?

short fragments

are able to pass through and move farther along the gel

gel

agarose

anode

positive

cathode

negative