Body system needs to integrated within a system and between system

Integration is called coordination and is from 2 main systems that follows the brain that sent out the signals and processing :

The Endocrine system is a system that sends out hormones and are the chemical messengers and target cells through the bloodstreams

The Nervous system is through electrical impulse through out the body’s nerves

Endocrine is slower but its more targeted from the brain, nervous system is faster

System of Hierarchy

in multicellular organisms cell may be grouped together to form tissues and are made up of a whole hierarchy

cells—>tissues—> organ —> system —> organism

Emergent properties

When individual components collectively combine, they can have a new function/ role when they work collectively together.

Arise when the interaction of individual component produces new functions. Multicellular organisms are capable of completing functions that unicellular organisms could not undertake this is due to the collective actions of individual cells combing to create new synergestic effects

an example of this is the heart

the heart’s only job is to pump blood but when working with the circulatory system which transports stuff, they work together to transport blood throughout the whole body

The whole organism works more effectively as an integrated system that just each individual part.

Endocrine system

• system of organs and glands within the body

• production of hormones

• hormones travel in the blood

• a slower type of response because of time to reah target organs

hormonal signalling, hormones is a signal, for example andrelanline can signal the heart to pump faster

Nervous system

• system of nerves and the brain that control the organs

• CNS- brain and spinal cord

• PNS- which is all the nerves that branch oyt from the spinal cord \

• very fast signal

• uses electrochemical signals

• central- brain and spinal cord

Circularity system

main transport system

• system of blood vessels that is used to transport

• carries nutrients (e.g. oxygen, glucose) and waste

• connects to all organs

They all work together but are not emergant properties cause they dont do a whole different stuff

the brain is the key organ that is able to collect all info, process it together and make sure all systems are integrating and working together properly, info from everywhere and all over the place and works out what the info means and how to respond.

Stimulus- Response

Stimulus —> Receptor —→ Sensory Neuron —- > Central Nervous System

Via the relay neuron the Central Nervous System via the motor neuron —> Effector —> Response

examples is glucose levels, touch,

Stimulus - change in environment, internal and external

Receptors - receptors in the body that detect the change (tastebuds) in internal (interoceptor) and external environments (exteroceptors)

Effector - muscle, gland, tissues

the whole brain is involved in memory and learning

the spinal cord also has a major role in unconcious processes

unconcious - happens naturally within the body without needing (digestion), usually need immediate

concious- your body thinks about it and its not natural occuring

a reflec arc is an involuntary response

• receptors sense change in conditions ( a stimulus)

• a sensory neuron detects a signal (either from a receptor or their own nerves endings) and then carries the signal to the spinal cord

• an innterneuron in the spinal cord connects the signal with a motor

• the motor neuron

white matter contains myelinated (protective coating around nerves) axons and other nerve fibres that transimt signals from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the organs of the body

grey matter containing nerve cell bodies and interneurons with many synapses (joins) between these neurons

2 messages, one to brain and one to spinal chord so theyre happening at the same time

autonomic nervous system (specifically spianl cord still CNS)

there are many functions that happen in our bodies without concious thorughts and are controlled by what is called the autonomic nervous sustem

for example:

heart rate

digestion

breathing

pupil dilation

fight or flight responses

neuron: nerve cells that transmit signals by electrochemical change

a nerve is a bunfle of nerve fibers enclosed i na protective shearth (myleath)

neuron is a single cell and a nerve is a bundle of neurons trogther

neurones make up nerves

neuron are subunits of nerves

types of neurons

receptors iin the body detect changes can be internal or external stimuli a signal is then sent to the spinal cord and brain via a sensory cord

Main jobs of the cerrebelum is to function in movement and coordination— the contraction of skeletal muscles that are generally attached to bones and help with movements (not with organs)

control balance— being abel to stand upright and also does motor memory— tasks that you do repeatedly and that you don’t have to think about repeatedly.

it doesnt make the decision so when you choose to move your arm thats the hypothalamus, the cerebellum is there to help coordinate the movement

Modulation of sleep patterns by meletonin secretion

comes from the gland called the pineal gland, secreted more in periods of darkness — when light enters your eye in the back, your body picks it up and inhibits your production of meletonin, once you get exposure to increased exposure of darkness, you get melatonin

circadian rhythms

body’s psychological response to the 24 hour clock

melatonin has a circadian rhythm and in the amount of timeframe it increases and decreases

Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal circadian clock, although they can be controlled/changed by external factors.

• This means that these rhythms continue even is a person is placed in experimental continuous light or darkness

Adrenaline or epinephrine secretion by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for vigourous activity, has an effect on every tissue in the body, for fight or flight and preparing for extreme activity.The adrenal glands are found attached to the top of the kidneys.

Overall it increases supply of oxygen and glucose to the muscles for ATP energy, muscles need ATP energy to undergo muscle contraptions.

it does this by breaking down glycogen to glucose, dilates tissues in our lungs, ventilation rate (how many times you breathe ) increase and arterials carrying blood widen and narrows blood flow to organs so gut, kidney, skin so that your blood isnt sending to places where it is not needed.

Control of the endocrine system by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

endocrine - system of glands to produce hormones, controlled by the hypathalomous and the pituitary gland (near the pineal gland)

hypothalamous — everything comes back to hypothalamos, control center of the brain, signals are sent back to the nervous systems from the endocrine etc. mantains homeostasis, recieves info from receptors and initiate a nervous or endocrine response depending on which one is needed

pituary gland - works closely with the hypothalamous and it has 2 lobes; anterior and posterior which secretes two different hormones because they are distinct seperate parts.

1. growth hormones

2. thyroid stimulating hormones

3. puberty hormones

4. ADH hormones— to pee or not pee

5. prolactin — breastfeeding

an example of how pit and hypo can work is puberty

hypo will initiate puberty and releases endotrope in turn it stimulates the pit to excrete LH and FSH which stimulates estrogen or testosterone and they lead to puberty

with endocrine system more often or not it is a hormone that stimulates another hormone and its like a cascade of events that happen

receptors detect changes in the internal and external environements.

2 types of receptors that work:

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

an example of a mechanoreceptors is baroreceptors found in the artery walls and and are excited by the stretch of the artery.When it is stretched baroreceptors pick it up and tells the brain telling them there is an increase in blood pressure.

Chemoreceptors pick up changes in the chemical composition of blood. Chemoreceptors in the artery walls monitor blood pH levels and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

receptors are more in electrical signals more in the nervous system

Baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure

then a signal is sent to the cardiovascular centre (in the medulla oblongata in the brain).

A signal is then sent to the sinoatrial node (a group of cells which act as a pacemaker).

This results in a decrease in heart rate which reduces blood pressure.

blood pressure is triggered by the stretch and is signalled to the cardiovascular system by the medela system and the signal is sent to the heart

Chemoreceptors detect a change in oxygen or pH levels

A signal is sent to the medulla oblongata

A signal is sent to the sinoatrial node to either decrease or increase heart rate

High O2 or high pH causes the heart rate to decrease

Low O2 or low pH causes the heart rate to increase

Feedback control of ventilation rate following sensory input — hydrocarbonic acid — ph changes in the blood

Chemoreceptors that detect pH are found in the artery walls and also the brainstem.

Ventilation rate is the number of times air is inhaled and exhaled per minute.

It is regulated by the stem of the brain signal and from there it sends out intercostal muscles between the ribs and diaphragms with contracts causing the lungs to expand and decreased blood pH when increasing the venitlation rate

the gut that extends from your anus and mouth is a tube that is external to your body it is an ANS- automatic nervous system — you don’t think about doing it.

Two gut movements are voluntary (controlled by the CNS):

• Swallowing – the tongue pushes food to the back of the mouth and into the oesophagus. (once food is in the oesophagus, food movement becomes involuntary).

• Defecation – the anus (containing a ring of muscle called a sphincter) relaxes and the wall of the rectum contracts to expel waste product.

peristalsis- a wave of muscle contractions that pushes through your guts and keep food moving (involuntarily)