Peripheral Nervous System Disorders

Flashcards about Peripheral Nervous System Disorders.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

What are the components of the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal cord

What are the components of the Peripheral Nervous System?

Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves

What are the three types of nerve fibers in the peripheral nerve?

Type A, Type B, and Type C

What are the examples of traumatic causes of PNS disorders?

Incision, compression, stretching

What are the examples of Metabolic causes of PNS disorders?

Diabetes, renal failure, hypothyroidism, amyloid

What are the main mechanisms of injury for peripheral nerves?

Laceration, Compression, Stretch

What are the categories of PNS disorders?

Mononeuropathy, Multiple mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathies, Plexopathy, Radiculopathy, Diseases of neuro-muscular junction, Lower motor neuron diseases

What are the common symptoms of PNS disorders with single focal lesions?

Weakness/numbness/pain in one limb, often defined to one part of the limb

What are the main features of Distal symmetric polyneuropathy?

Affects longest sensory/ motor/ autonomic nerves. Nerves are 'dying back' Length dependent ('stocking glove'). Symmetric loss of pin/ temp / vibration/ proprioception; distal reflex loss. Usually chronic. Many possible causes!

What is the etiology of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Autoimmune disease of PNS, potentially following viral infection or other immune triggers, leading to segmental demyelination.

What are the diagnostic criteria of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Progressive symmetric muscle weakness in upper, lower extremities. Tendon reflexes - decreased or absent. Muscle weakness grows for 4 weeks - mild sensory disturbances (may be not). High level of protein in CSF. ENMG – characteristical changes

What are the treatment options Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Plasma exchange (PE) + I/v immune globulin (IVIG) and Supportive care in HDU/ITU

What is Miller Fisher syndrome?

A variant of Guillain-Barré consisting of ophthalmoplegia, areflexia, and ataxia without significant limb weakness; characterized by Serum IgG antibodies to a specific ganglioside are characteristic (anti-GQ1B antibodies)

What are the diagnosis features of CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHY (CIDP)?

Similar to Guillain Barré but with a progressive or fluctuating course over weeks (more than 8 weeks) or months and rarely involving cranial nerves or respiratory function. Diagnosis: ENMG

How does diabetes impact the peripheral nerves, leading to diabetic neuropathy?

Metabolic disturbance with sorbitol and fructose accumulation in axons and Schwann cells, and/or occlusion of nutrient vessels supplying nerves (vasa vasorum).

What are the main alterations involved in the pathologic changes of Diabetic polyneuropathy?

Inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

What are the treatment options for Diabetic neurophaties?

Improved control of diabetes, Carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants or α-adrenergic blockers, Alpha-Lipoic Acid

What are the main causes of Bell`s palsy?

The narrow bone canal in the pyramid of the temporal bone through which facial nerve passes and Endogenous or exogenous factors that together provoke facial nerve compression (tunnel syndrome)

How is Trigeminal neuralgia is characterised?

Paroxysmal attacks of severe, short, sharp, stabbing pain affecting one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

What is the main cause of radiculopathy?

Compression of spinal nerve roots, commonly due to herniated intervertebral discs or degenerative changes.

What are the most common types of radiculopathy?

Cervical and Lumbar

What are the Common types of radiculopathy of the Cervical spine?

*PAIN in NECK, SHOULDERS, UPPER BACK, or ARMS, OCCURS MOST OFTEN in PEOPLE 30-60 yrs, GENERALLY AFFECTS C5-C7

What are the Common types of radiculopathy of the Lumbar spine?

• SCIATICA MOST COMMON TYPE, PAIN & NUMBNESS from SPINAL NERVE ROOT LOCATION to LEGS or FEET, CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME

What are the diagnostic tests perform for radiculopathy?

Spurling test (Foraminal compression test), Femoral nerve stretch test, Ischiatic nerve stretch test – Straight leg raise test

What are the options for conservative treatment of radiculopathies due to disc herniation?

Anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and avoiding activity that strains the neck or back.