World History Spring

Nationalism and Imperialism - Early 1800’s

Napoleon

• Beat all of Europe in War
• spread ^^democracy and liberalism^^
  • through ==absolutism and imperialism==
• Gave the people more rights
  • but took away rights of women and slaves just earned in the revolution
• Other Monarchs try to impose monarchy in france
  • so people don’t get ideas
  • <<continue to maintain power<<
• Offense is the best defense and invaded neighboring countries to prevent them from invading france.
• $Napoleonic Code$ - new code of laws
  • based on enlightenment principles
  • women lose rights
• Economic growth
  • controlled prices
  • opened jobs to all based on talent
  • new industries and infrastructure
• New public school system → increased education
• Napoleonic wars →1804 - 1812
  • took control of europe using forceful diplomacy
  • defeated the holy roman empire

Impacts in Europe

• Spread revolutionary, liberal ideas - weaken monarchies
• New social order

• Prussia, England, Russia, and Austria are against Napoleon
• People rise up in revolt - rise in Nationalism

$1812 - France invades Russia$

• Russians use Scorched Earth tactics
• French reach Moscow and quickly retreat because ^^winter^^

^^1813 - Napoleon defeated at Leipzig (Austria)^^

==1814 - Napoleon abdicates throne==

• exiled to alba
• escapes and returns to Paris for 100 days

%%June 18, 1815 - Battle of Waterloo%%

• french army defeated by british and prussian forces

@@1821 - Napoleon dies in Exile@@

September 1814 - June 1815

• %%Congress of Vienna%%
• meeting of diplomats and heads of state
• goal = restore stability and order
• %%Quadruple Alliance - Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia%%
• Peace in Europe for 100 years

New Ideologies

• political cartoons - propaganda in the form of imagery and humor

1. first cartoon

1. metternich
2. red uniform
3. freedom, progress, and monarchy sign
4. protesting against monarchy
5. marching towards freedom

• three new ideologies
  • Conservatism
  • liberalism
  • Nationalism

the clashing of these beliefs lead to rebellions and civil conflict

which of the following do you most agree with about nationalism

1. feeling pride in one’s country is a citizen’s responsibility
2. feeling little pride in one’s country makes a person a troublemaker
3. $feeling too much pride in one’s country can be dangerous.$
4. expressing pride in one’s country - in any tradition - is a citizen’s right.

Germany

Is currently the States of the Rhine

confederation - states that band together to gain independence

1848 - revolution occurs due to austrian rule and taxes

frankfurt national assembly (1848)

• catholics favor Austria, Protestants favor Prussia
• relatively powerless and zero change
• Martin Luther was german!
• Germany is very split between catholicism and protestantism

Shows German states want to $unify$

^^Otto Von Bismarck^^ - Prussian representative

• Power based on practical education and military
  • not ideology or morality
• Main goal = increase prussia’s power
• <<Hates divine right of monarchies<<
• ‘Blood and iron’ speech
• turns down germany’s offer so he can build up prussia enough to be able to handle the new land

@@Second Reich@@ Begins (1864 - 1870)

• Alliance w/ austria
• austro - prussian war
• franco - prussian war

German states unify under Bismarck and Prussia’s command

1871 - creation of Second Reich (second German Empire)

Kaiser - top dog of the second Reich

• summon and dismiss parliament
• inherited position
• appoint and dismiss chancellor

Chancellor

• proposed legislation to parliament

Bundesrat

• assembly of state representatives
• appointed by leaders of states

Reichstag

• Elected by manhood suffrage
• election every three years

Bismarck → first chancellor

Foreign policy - keep France weak

domestic policy - erase threats(Catholics and socialists), kulturkampf (state above religion)

Germany becomes dominant European power

• Advantages
  • ample coal and iron
  • disciplined and educated workforce
  • growing population
• Government provided support for economic growth
  • single currency
  • standardized banking
  • protective tariffs

Democratic Reforms

Challenges in Eastern Europe

• factories
• growth in cities
• worker discontent
• rise in socialism

Multinational Empire - many different nationalities in region

• czechs, slovaks, poles, ukrainians, serbs, croats, slovens, etc
• desire to have own government and state

Austrian Struggles and Reforms

• Francis Joseph takes throne
  • strengthen empire
  • set up constitution and legislature
  • Francis still has ultimate authority
• Austria is defeated by the Prussians
  • led to further desire for change
• Creation of dual monarchy (Austria-Hungary)
  • Ruler is Francis Joseph (Austrian)
  • remain seperate states
  • Austrian ministries of defense, finance and foreign affairs maintain power.

Ottoman Empire Declines

• Ottoman Empire is Islam
• Serbia and Greece = successful nationalist movements
• The turks are showing weakness
• Europeans begin dividing land
• Crimean war is fought over this land

These conflicts are referred to as the “Balkan Powder Keg”

any small sparks can cause the whole thing to explode into a massive war…

Great Britain

• Queen Victoria
  • Constitutional Monarchy w/ bicameral Parliament
  • House of Commons (elected representatives)
  • Louse of Lords (hereditary, can veto commons bills)
• Democratic reforms:
  • Great Reform Act - change of seats and representation
  • Chartist movement - men’s suffrage?
  • Abolishing Slavery
  • Women’s suffrage
  • the Irish Question - how to rule over and control Ireland

United States

• Territorial expansion “manifest destiny”
• Democratic Expansion
  • Abolition
  • Women’s rights
• Economic Growth
  • leader of the second industrial revolution
• Harsh conditions and low wages - push for reforms
  • 8 hours a day
  • ban child labor
  • Monopoly regulation

France

• Multiple revolutions and government systems
  • Revolutions in 1830 & 1848
  • Second Empire and Third republic
• Increasingly Liberal governments over time
• First country to adopt universal male suffrage
• 30 - 40 political parties

• Dreyfus Affair
• showed simmering anti-semitism existing in Europe
  • Alfred Dreyfus (jew) convicted of treason for passing military secrets - imprisoned for 5 years
  • Actual spy found - army forged documents to incriminate Dreyfus
  • Divided military and society
• Led to beginnings of Zionist Movements
  • Desire for Jewish Homeland
• Divisions between military and society

Imperialism

• The policy of on country’s political, economic, or cultural domination over other lands and territories
• Causes of Imperialism
  • industrialization
  • political and military concerns
  • Humanitarian and Religious efforts
  • $Social Darwinism$
• In africa:
• Types of Imperial Rule
  • $Direct rule$
  • Officials and military sent to colony
  • Imposed culture and rule
  • most common in africa
  • Indirect rule
  • Governor and council of advisors
  • local rulers retain some authority
  • Encouraged western ideas and education
  • Protectorate
  • Local Rulers retain authority
  • expected to follow european advice
  • Cheaper for European countries
  • Spheres of Influence
  • weak governments remain
  • Outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges in area

Middle East and India

• ottoman empire is weakened
• Prominently Islam and Hinduism

==Muslim Reform Movements== in the Middle East

• Muslim empires faced threats of European Imperialism

Imperialism in Asia:

• China
  • silk can only be traded with gold and silver
  • china experiences ==surplus==
  • get really rich
  • focus on agriculture and less on industrial goods
  • leads to less of a surplus and evens out with britain
  • Britain takes initiative and starts the opium war
  • opium is imported into china
  • banned in Britain
  • china goes to war with britain over it
  • britain wipes out the chinese government
  • takes over chinese trade
  • Britain takes over Hong Kong
  • Ching Dynasty is Failing

• China’s land is being taken away
  • China takes the biggest blow when they are defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War
  • throwing out of the old ways
  • Guangxu ‘hundred days of reform’
  • Boxer group tries to rebel
  • gets absolutely crushed
  • leaves room for european hate
  • nationalism

Imperialism in Japan

• Japan is far behind
• They kind of let imperialism happen bc they cant fight against it and know how far behind they are
• Japan is closed off from foreigners
• Shoguns take over
• change is wanted
• Fishbowl breaks
• Meiji revolution - strengthen Japan against European Imperialism
• Japan is no longer under control
• Japan starts to expand empire
• Goes from being Imperialized to becoming Imperials
• Sino Japanese war
  • War against China
  • Takes over Taiwan and Manchuria
• Russo-Japanese War
  • Defeats Russia
  • Controls Korea
  • Iron Fist rule
  • “how many Koreans can you kill in one day”

Pacific and American Imperialism

• Dutch east india company sought to control spice islands
• Indonesia
  • plantation management and trade = huge motive
  • created social class system
  • Farmers must plant 1/5 land of export goods
• British looking for Base to compete with Dutch
  • Burma (Myanmar)
  • many clashes with britain
  • annexed
  • Malaysia
  • Singapore - world’s busiest port

Siam = Thailand

Americas

• Many wars of Independence
• Church = privileged
• limited voting rights and racial prejudice

• Colonialism doesn’t disappear
  • Britain and US replace Spain and France
• Mexico’s Search for Stability
  • Texas War of Independence
  • Mexican American War
• Benito Juarez and La Reforma
  • liberal reforms - help oppressed
  • Civil war - France and Austria
• General Porfirio Diaz
  • strengthen army, police, and central government
  • Economy advances - industry and mining
  • police state
  • sort of industrial revolution
• Panama Canal
• Allowed trade to occur quicker
• Panamanian Independence Movement