wordlist biology year 8

Skeleton

Provides stability and protection to the body. The muscles attach to the skeleton.

Growth area

Area in the long skeletal bones where soft cartilage cells turn into hard bone cells.

Bone cell

In a growth area in the long skeletal bones, soft cartilage cells become hard bone cells as the bones grow.

Calcium

Substance that builds up bones and teeth and is sometimes found in milk.

Osteoporosis

Occurs when the bones lose calcium and the risk of bone fractures increases.

Joint

Provides mobility and holds the bones together in the skeleton.

Ball joint

Type of joint found in the hip and shoulders.

Hinge joint

Joint type found in fingers and elbows.

Torsion joint

Joint type found in the forearm.

Saddle joint

Joint type that gives the thumb its great range of motion.

Articular cartilage

Substance at the end of the bones allowing joint surfaces to slide against each other.

Ligaments

Provide stability to the joints.

Bark

Found in the skeleton and contains calcium and connective tissue.

Bone marrow

The inner part of the skeleton.

Stem cell

Cell type that can become the type of cell needed in the body.

Embryonic stem cell

Cell type found in fetuses a few weeks old.

Adult stem cells

Partially specialized cells that replace damaged and aging cells.

Skeletal muscle

Allows you to run and breathe and is controlled by will.

Muscle cell

Consists of protein threads that create movement and power; also called muscle fibers.

Muscle fiber

Another word for muscle cell.

Slow-twitch muscle fiber

Red and sustained muscle fiber.

Fast muscle fiber

Muscle fiber that gets tired quickly and is used for fast movements.

Cramp

Caused by muscle contraction and can be counteracted with stretching.

Smooth muscle

Type of muscle found in internal organs that cannot be controlled by will.

Heart muscle

Endurance muscle type with extra mitochondria and blood vessels.

Capillary

Small blood vessels around the muscle cells.

Doping

Intake of anabolic steroids.

Anabolic steroids

Hormones that increase performance and are banned.

Testosterone

Male sex hormone similar to anabolic steroids.

Oxygen

Element needed in all combustion.

Endurance training

Training that improves fitness and allows long-distance running.

Energy

The body takes energy from carbohydrates and fats in food.

Mitochondria

The energy factory of the cell.

Carbohydrates

Sugar in various forms and an important energy source.

Starch

Slow carbohydrates found in foods like pasta and rice.

Fast carbohydrates

Energy that is quickly absorbed by the blood.

Glucose

Sugar that is rapidly absorbed by the blood.

Cellulose

A chain of glucose molecules that builds up plant walls.

Fibers

Carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed but benefit the intestines.

Fat

Energy-rich substance stored in the body.

Protein

Building material of the body.

Enzyme

Protein that is necessary for chemical reactions in cells.

Amino acid

Molecule that builds proteins.

Vitamin

Substances necessary for well-being, found in foods like eggs.

Mineral

Nutrients needed in small amounts for good health.

Trace element

Minerals needed in very small amounts.

Plate model

Shows how to eat correctly and maintain balance.

Vegetarian diet

Food that does not include meat, fish, or poultry.

Vegan diet

Food that contains no animal products.

Eating disorder

Eating problems often linked to mental health issues.

Anorexia nervosa

Psychiatric diagnosis associated with self-starvation.

Bulimia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

Orthorexia

Compulsive behavior around healthy eating and exercise.

Digestion

The breakdown of food consumed.

Salivary gland

Produces saliva and is located in the mouth.

Esophagus

Organ that leads food down to the stomach.

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the lungs.

Stomach

Organ containing acidic gastric juice that processes food.

Gastric juice

Fluid containing acid and enzymes, protecting against bacteria.

Pancreas

Organ that produces alkaline substances to neutralize gastric juices.

Insulin

Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Anus

Rectal opening that expels waste.