NURS 368 Exam # 1 PATHO Portion

This type of disease develops gradually

Chronic disease
- milder symptoms
- often intermitted w/ acute episodes

When there are pathologic changes, but no obvious manifestations (a situation where something is happening, but it’s so mild or subtle that you might not notice it right away)

Subclinical State

No symptoms or clinical signs are evident. This is the incubation period within infectious diseases. The issue is there but not active yet

latent state

When signs are nonspecific or absent; Early disease development is termed as what?

Prodromal period

What is the term defined as clinical evidence w/signs & and symptoms?
- Local: At the site of the problem
- Systemic: general indicators of illness i.e. fever

Manifestations

Age, gender, inherited factors, environment, etc. are all what types of factors?

Predisposing factors

This type of disease is short term & develops quickly

Acute disease
- high fever
- severe pain

Developing a disease is termed as what?

Pathogenesis

What is it called when one is attempting to preserve health/prevent spread of disease?

Prophylaxis

What is it when a disease is caused by an error/ treatment/ procedure?

Latrogenic

What is it when a disease is unknown?

Idiopathic

Signs vs Symptoms

Signs = Objective indicators of disease; can be seen, measured, heard, or felt
- Color, pulse, edema

Symptoms = Subjective feelings in response to illness
- Dyspnea, pain, nausea

A condition that triggers an acute episode is termed as what?

Precipitating factor

A worsening of severity (EXCELATES)

Exacerbation

A period which manifestations (SUBSIDE)

Remission

Remissions and exacerbations refer to what?

They mark the course or progress of a disease

A period of recovery & and return to a healthy state is commonly known as rehabilitation. What is another term for this?

Convalescence

What is the proper term for potential unwanted outcomes

Sequelae

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another is termed as what?

Communicable diseases

A disease outbreak spreading in a limited region is what?

Epidemic

A disease outbreak spreading to multiple regions of the globe is what?

Pandemic

The probabilty for recovery is defined as what?

Probabilty

Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease is termed as what?

Epidemiology

Who are 2 major data collectors when Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease is termed as what?

WHO & CDC

What is the term for a postmortem examination

Autopsy

The relative number of deaths resulting from the disease is termed as what?

Mortality

What is the term defined as the disease rates w/in a group

Morbidity

What cellular adaptation results/ causes an increased number of cells? Resulting in enlarged tissue mass

HyperPLASIA

What does dysplasia pre-expose people to

developing cancer

Which cellular adaptation is the most dangerous? Causing cells to vary in size & and shape w/in a tissue?

Dysplasia

Which cellular adaption increases in cell size resulting in ENLARGED tissue mass?

HyperTROPHY

What is neoplasia?

New growth (known as tumors)

What type of cellular adaption causes a decrease in the size of cells & and results in REDUCED tissue mass?

Atrophy

What is it when a mature cell type is REPLACED by a different mature cell type?

Metaplasia

A cell that has yet to be differentiated and can also be termed as a stem cell is what type of cellular adaptation?

Anaplasia

These are the characteristics of what type of cellular death:
- Programmed cell death
- Normal occurrence of the body
- Not due to injury
- Cell old= expected death

Apoptosis

Ctype of cellular death:
- Accidental NON-programmed cell death causing the tissue to die
- TISSUE DEATH

Necrosis

These are the characteristics of what:
- Dead tissue caused by infection or lack of blood flow
- Area of necrotic (dead) tissue that's been invaded by bacteria
- Type of necrosis

Gangrene

What are the types of cellular deaths?

Necrosis & Apoptosis

What are the cues of pain?

- Grimacing
- changes in vital signs (increased pulse and blood pressure)
- anxiety & fear
- crying
- restlessness & agitation
- diaphoresis
- guarding of part of the body

What is the most common type of pain and has multiple categories w/various causes?

Headaches

Increased pressure inside the skull causes what type of headache?

Intracranial headaches

The temporomandibular joint syndrome is what type of headache?

Temporal Area headache

Abnormal blood flow and metabolism in the brain causes what type of headache?

Migrane

Nasal congestion, congested sinuses, and eye strain are associated w/ what type of headache?
- - relived when cause is removed

Sinus headaches

What type of headache is caused from muscle spasms resulting from emotional stress?

Tension headaches

Which pain is caused by the advancement of the disease; pain associated with treatment; the result of coexisting disease?

Cancer-related pain

Which pain is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord

Central pain

Which pain is caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves

Neuropathic pain

What is the term for an amputee who still feels pain in the amputated limb after the stump is fully healed? This might resolve in weeks-months and does not respond to usual pain therapies

Phantom pain

Which pain is caused by a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissue?

Ischemic Pain

The sensations of pain are identified in an area some distance away from the actual source this is termed as which type of pain?

Referred pain

Which level of prevention is this: Efforts to prevent healthy people from injury or illness from ever occurring.

Primary prevention

Which level of prevention is this: Efforts to limit or slow the effects of an injury or illness that has been diagnosed

Secondary prevention

Which level of prevention is this: actions taken to manage complicated long-term health problems. To prevent further physical damage and maximize quality of life

tertiary prevention

What are some examples of the tertiary prevention level

- Patient support groups
- Chronic pain management programs
- Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs

What are some examples of the secondary prevention level

- Providing suitably modified work for injured workers

- Telling people to take daily, low-dose aspirin to prevent a first or second heart attack or stroke

What are some examples of the primary prevention level

- Immunization against infectious disease

- Regular exams and screening tests to monitor risk factors for illness

Which cellular injury is a result of metabolism and function w/out injury

Anerobic

Bacteria and viruses are examples of which type of cause of cellular injury/death

Microorgnaisms

Deficit of oxygen in the cells from a blockage is what type of cell damage

Ischemia

An obstruction of blood flow to the tissue causing reduced oxygen and nutritional deficiency leads to what type of cellular injury/damage

Hypoxia

Which cellular injury results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

LYSIS: breakdown of the cell caused by damage/rupture of the cell membrane or cell wall.

Pyroptosis