Patho Pharm: Exam 1 - Nutrition Sources

What does DRI stand for?

Dietary Reference Intake

What does RDA stand for?

Recommended Daily Allowances

What does AI stand for?

Adequate Intake

What does UL stand for?

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

What does AMDR stand for?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

What does EAR stand for?

Estimated Average Requirements

How are carbs classified?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

What are the sources of monosaccharides?

- Glucose (corn syrup)

- Fructose (fruit)

- Galactose (in milk)

What are the sources of disaccharides?

- Sucrose (table sugar)

- Lactose (milk sugar)

- Maltose (malt sugar)

What are the sources of polysaccharides?

- Starches (grains, legumes, root vegetables)

- Fiber (whole grains, fruits, vegetables)

What is the function of carbs?

Provide energy for the body (fast burning) & regulates protein/fat metabolism

What is the calories per gram for carbs?

4 cal/g of energy-c

What are the sources of protein?

Plant & animal sources

How is protein classified?

- Complete (animal/soy)

- Incomplete (complementary)

true or false: complete proteins have 9 amino acids

true

What are the functions of proteins?

- Tissue building

- Nitrogen/water balance

- Support immune system

- Acid-base & electrolyte balance

What is the calorie per gram for protein?

4 cal/g of energy

What are the sources of fiber?

Fruits, veggies & whole grains

What is fiber classified as?

Carbohydrates

What is the function of fiber?

Ensure bowel health

What is the calories per gram of fiber?

1.5 - 2.5 cal/g of energy

What are the sources of fats?

- Dark meats

- Dairy

- Poultry skin

- Oils

What are the function of fats?

- Hormone production

- Cell structure

- Maintaining body temperature

- Covering nerve fibers

- Absorption of fat soluble vitamins

How are fats classified?

- Phospholipids (lecithin)

- Sterols (cholesterol)

- Triglycerides (fatty acids-saturated vs unsaturated

Whats the AMDR for saturated fat?

10% OR less

Based on a 2000 cal/day diet: What is the daily serving recommended for vegetables, and fruits?

5 servings total - 2 1/2 cups (of each)

What is VLDL? Is it good or bad? What is its function?

- Very low density lipoprotein

- BAD

- carry triglycerides to the cells

What is LDL? Is it good or bad? What is its function?

- Low density lipoprotein

- BAD

- carry cholesterol into the tissue cells

What is HDL? Is it good or bad? What is its function?

- High density lipoprotein

- GOOD

- remove excess cholesterol from the cells, and transport it to the liver for disposal

What is the average DRI for carbs?

130 g/day

What is the AMDR for carbs?

45-65% of all calories

What disorder occurs when there is enough calories, but not enough protein?

Kwashiorkor

What disorder occurs when there is not enough calories INCLUDING protein? (malnutrition)

Marasmus

What is pernicious anemia?

lack of intrinsic factor leading to B12 deficiency

What is the process of CHO being stored?

- Liver converts CHO to glucose which is released in bloodstream elevating blood glucose

- Causes pancreas to release insulin

- Glucose is moved out of blood stream into cells to meet energy needs

- Unused CHO is stored as glycogen in the liver/muscles

What are the total essential vitamins? How many are there?

- B complex (B1, B3, B6, B9, B12), C, A, D, E, & K

- 13

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B complex and C

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are the food sources of vitamin A?

- Dark yellow/orange fruits & vegetables (carrots, yams)

- Egg yolk

- Butter

- Cream

What is the function of vitamin A?

Vision health

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin A

Night blindness

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin A

- Hair loss

- Peeling skin

- GI upset

- Teratogenic effect on fetus, thrombocytopenia

What is the function of vitamin D?

regulating calcium & phosphorus

What are the sources of vitamin D?

Sunshine, fatty fish, eggs & fortified foods

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin D

Ricketts (children) & osteomalacia in adults

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin D

- Looks like hypercalcemia

- excessive thirst, urination, bone pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness

What are the food sources of vitamin E?

Nuts & oils

What is the function of vitamin E?

Antioxidant properties

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin E

breakdown of RBCs

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin E

- Bleeding

- Fatigue

- Weakness

- GI upset

- Headaches

- Breast tenderness

What are the food sources of vitamin K?

Carrots, DGLV, fish & eggs

What is the function of vitamin K?

Blood clotting

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin K

Spontaneous hemorrhage (bleeding)

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin K

Clotting (blood clots)

What are the food sources of vitamin C?

Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), tomatoes, peppers, green leafy vegetables, and strawberries

What are the functions of vitamin C?

- Wound healing

- Iron absorption

- Boost immune system function

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin C

- Poor wound healing

- Bleeding gums

- Scurvy

- Faulty bone & tooth development

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin C

- GI upset

- Crystalluria if taken w/ aspirin OR sulfonamides, decreased effect oral anticoagulants

What are the food sources of vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

Meats, whole grains, & legumes

What are the functions of vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

Coenzyme in energy metabolism & nerve conduction/promotes appetite

Signs of deficiency: B1 (thiamine)

- results in beri beri

- weight loss

- fatigue

What are the food sources of vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin)?

Meats, legumes, milk, & whole grains

What are the functions of vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin)?

- Metabolism of fats, glucose, & alcohol

- Synthesis of steroids, cholesterol & fatty acids

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin)

- Pellagra

- Headache

- Memory loss

- GI upset

What are the food sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

Meat, whole grains, & legumes

What are the functions of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

- Synthesis of hemoglobin

- Neurotransmitters/cellular function

- Synthesis of niacin

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Macrocytic anemia & CNS/PNS disturbances

What are the food sources of vitamin B9 (folate)?

DGLV, yellow fruits, & organ meats

What are the functions of vitamin B9 (folate)?

- DNA synthesis, growth, & cell division

- Erythropoiesis (RBC, WBC, & platelets)

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin B9 (folate)

- GI upset

- Blood dyscrasias

- Megaloblastic anemia

- During pregnancy can affect fetal CNS development neural tube defect

Signs of toxicity: Vitamin B9 (folate)

Can lower phenytoin levels & mask vitamin B12 deficiency

What are the food sources of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

Meat, fish, eggs, & dairy

What are the functions of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

RBC formation & maturation/nervous system function

Signs of deficiency: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

- Paresthesia

- Weakness

- Fatigue

- Megaloblastic anemia

- Beefy red tongue

What is the function of iron?

oxygen distribution to hemoglobin

What are the two food sources of Fe + (iron)?

heme & non heme

Meat, fish, & poultry are all examples of ______ iron sources.

heme

Grains, legumes, & vegetables are all examples of ______ iron sources.

non heme

What are complications with Fe+ (iron)?

GI distress & constipation

What are the normal levels of potassium?

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

What are the food sources of potassium?

Oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy products, meats, whole grains, & potato

What is the function of potassium?

Maintains fluid volume inside cells/muscle action

Signs & symptoms of potassium deficiency...

- dysrhythmias

- muscle cramps

- weakness

- confusion

Signs & symptoms of potassium excess...

- dysrhythmias

- muscle weakness

- irritability

- confusion

- numbness in extremities

What are the normal levels of sodium?

135-145 mEq/L

What are the food sources of sodium?

Table salt, added salts, & processed food

What is the function of sodium?

- Maintains fluid volume

- Allows muscle contractions

- Contributes to nerve impulses

What are the signs & symptoms of sodium deficiency?

- Muscle cramping

- Memory loss

- Anorexia

- Seizure

What are the signs & symptoms of excess sodium?

Fluid retention, hypertension, & disorientation

What are the normal levels of magnesium?

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

What are the food sources of magnesium?

Green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate

What is the function of magnesium?

- Bone formation

- Catalyst for many enzyme reactions

- Nerve/muscle function

- Smooth muscle relaxation

What are the signs & symptoms of a magnesium deficiency?

Weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased blood pressure, anorexia

What are the signs and symptoms of excess magnesium?

Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, & lethargy

What are the normal levels of calcium?

9.0-10.5 mg/dL

What are the food sources of calcium?

Dairy, broccoli, kale, & fortified grains

What are the signs & symptoms of calcium deficiency?

- Tetany

- Positive chvostek's & trousseau's signs

- ECG changes

- Osteoporosis in adults

- Poor growth in children

What are the signs & symptoms of a calcium excess?

- Constipation

- Renal stones

- Lethargy

- Depressed deep tendon reflexes

What testing might may lead to diagnosis of deficiency & excess of Ca+?

Chvostek's sign & Trousseau's sign

What test includes tapping the facial nerve about 2 cm anterior to the earlobe?

Chvostek's sign