Bio 227 Lab Exam 1

total magnification

ocular lens x objective lens

Caphalad

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Dorsal

back of body part

Ventral

front of a body part

umbilical region

right/left iliac region

hypogastric region

epigastric region

right/left lumbar region

right/left hypochondriac region

trachea

diaphragm

heart

lung

liver

stomach

spleen

small intestine

large intestine

Kidneys

adrenal glands

pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys

urinary bladder

carbohydrates are...

sugars

building blocks of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

dehydration/condensation/synthesis

the bonding of 2 molecules by the removal of a water molecule; anabolic

hydrolysis/digestion

the breaking apart of a molecule by the addition of a water molecule; catabolic

Benedict's test

Carbohydrates; test for reducing sugars; starts blue, turns yellow/orange

Iodine (Lugols) Test

Carbohydrates; tests for complex sugars; starches (polysaccharides)

building blocks of proteins

amino acids

building blocks of amino acids

peptide bonds that form polypeptide chains

Ninhydrin Test

Test for amino acids (small proteins); positive test = purple

Biuret Test

Test for polypeptides (large proteins); starts blue, turns purple

classes of lipids

Neutral lipids (triglycerides; glycerol + 3 fatty acids), phospholipids (hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic head), steroids (hydrophobic), eicosanoids

Phospholipid

Makes up the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate head (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

Rub/Paper Test

Test for lipids; oils/fats; translucent fluid rubs off

Sudan IV Dye Test

Test for lipids/fats; neg = dark red, pos = red/orange

Nucleus

Contains cell's genetic material (DNA & RNA)

Plasma membrane

Provides a selectively permeable barrier; phospholipid bilayer; can have microvilli

Cytoplasm

Where most cellular activities occur; supports cell's organelles; transports genetic material within cell

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis; bound to the ER

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Studded with ribosomes; modifies/synthesizes existing proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of lipid synthesis (steroid based hormones); where detoxification of drugs and alcohol takes place

Golgi apparatus

Packaging and shipping center; UPS of the cell; fits anything that is too large for normal transport; removes things from cell that don't belong

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes; function in the breakdown of intracellular debris

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound sacs that contain enzymes that detoxify harmful substances

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration; produces ATP

Centrioles

Hold and pull chromosomes apart in mitotic spindle

Cytoskeletal elements

Support and move substances throughout cell; composed of microtubules, microfilaments & intermediate filaments

Interphase

Cell prepares for division; nuclear envelope is visible; DNA within nucleus remains in the form of loosely coiled chromatin

three stages of Interphase

G1, S, and G2

G1 phase

cell growth into normal cell

S phase

strands of DNA are replicated

G2 phase

cell prepares for division; centrioles are built; protein synthesis occurs

Mitosis

division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

phases of mitosis

Pass My Anatomy Test; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Diffusion

Doesn't require energy; movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; movement from higher to lower concentration

Hypertonic solution

solution with higher concentration of solute; eventually more H2O molecules will move outside of cell from inside of cell causing cell to shrink

Hypotonic solution

solution with lower concentration of solute; eventually more H2O molecules will move from outside of the cell to inside of cell causing cell to expand or even burst

Isotonic solution

solution with same solute concentration; no net inflow / outflow; cell remains same size

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

epithelial tissue

lines and covers the body

simple epithelial tissue

single layer of cells

stratified epithelial tissue

multiple layers of cells

simple squamous tissue

single layer of flattened cells

simple cuboidal tissue

single layer of uniformly shaped cells that are about as tall as they are wide

simple columnar tissue

single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide; located in basal region of the cell

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

Contains a single layer of epithelial cells, but appears to have more than one; cells are in direct contact with basement membrane; ciliated

transitional epithelial tissue

found in urinary tract; varies in appearance depending if it is in a relaxed or stretched state

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

multiple layers of flattened cells

stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

multiple layers of uniformly shaped cells that are about as tall as they are wide

stratified columnar epithelial tissue

multiple layers of cells that are taller than they are wide; located in basal region of the cell

connective tissue

supports, connects, or separates other tissues or organs; has matrix (nonliving material between cells)

lacunae

spaces in extracellular matrix; found in integumentary system (skin)

loose connective tissue

contains fewer cells and protein fibers than dense CT; fibers are sparse and arranged irregularly; body's "packing material," surrounds and supports structures and organs

areolar connective tissue

made up of collagen and elastic fibers; highly vascularized

adipose connective tissue

highly vascularized; nucleus is pushed to inside edge of plasma membrane

loose reticular connective tissue

made up of reticular fibers

dense regular connective tissue

made up of abundant collagen fibers that are packed tightly and aligned parallel to one another; tendons, ligaments, and hyaline cartilage

Bone / Osseous connective tissue

more solid than cartilage and provides greater support; not as flexible; highly vascularized; rings called lamellae

vascularized

a tissue or structure with vessels

blood

made up of cells, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets; plasma is matrix

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage; flexible support; clear, glassy appearance; ex) tip of nose

composed primarily of adipose tissue

The hypodermis is…

Sebaceous glands

These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair.

Epidermis is avascular and dermis is richly vascularized

What is true about the blood supply to the skin

papillary layer

Dermal layer responsible for fingerprints

stratum lucidum

layer of translucent cells, absent in thin skin

Stratum Basale

actively mitotic epidermal region

reticular layer

site of elastic and collagen fibers

stratum corneum

epidermal layer containing the “oldest” cells

Hypodermis

anchors skin to underlying tissues

stratified squamous and dense irregular

The skin has an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer. The epithelial and connective tissues are…

Temperature, pressure, and touch

General sensory receptors found in the skin respond to many stimuli, including…

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale

Superficial to deep the layers of the epidermis of thin skin are…

Anterior; inferior

In humans, the ventral

surface can also be called the ___ surface; however, in four-legged

animals, the ventral surface is the ___ surface.

Iodine Test-negative for polysaccharides (starches)

Yellow-Brown test color

Iodine test- positive

Blue-black test color