EXAM 5

Crittenden Compromise

Last ditch effort to stop the Civil War

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

When does the Civil War begin?

On the morning of April 11th/12th, 1861

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Where does the Civil War begin?

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Which state was the first to secede (leave)?

What did they tie their secession to in order to legitimize their secession?

South Carolina is the **first state to leave** the union of slavery through **the Declaration of Clauses** on December 24, 1890

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What areas of the South were in favor of succession?

* South Carolina
* Mississippi
* Florida
* Alabama
* Georgia
* Louisiana
* Texas

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What areas of the South were most likely to be against succession?

* Virginia (Reason: Geography; The oldest state in the country is leaving)
* Arkansas
* North Carolina 
* Tennessee

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is a border state? Give examples

Border states are slave states that border free states.

Examples:

* @@**Kentucky (Has southern sympathies but fights with the North)**@@
* Delaware
* Maryland
* Missouri
* West Virginia

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What was the Confederate method of battle at the first conflict of the Civil War?

The South attacked federal forts to stop supplies from reaching Ft. Sumter in Charleston

Conflict at Fort Sumter

* The South attacks federal forts. They begin to stop supplies from reaching Ft. Sumter in Charleston
* Buchanan does nothing about this

→ This makes the country seem weak

* In March- Lincoln is sworn in 

→ He sends the ships back to SC

* *April 10, 1861*- Brig. Gen. Beauregard in command of the Confederate forces at Charleston, SC **demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston**
* ***The firing of Fort Sumter in S.C started the Civil War***

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What was the first battle on land of the Civil War?

The First Battle of Manassas/Bull Run 

The First Battle of Manassas/Bull Run

* The **South is going to obliterate the North**
* **The South & North underestimate each other**
* Irvin McDowell is replaced by General George McClellan
* **The North becomes an industrialized economy**

→ The North creates the cotton gin

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

When entering the war, what did the South have going for it?

The South had a powerful army with more soldiers compared to the North

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

When entering the war, what did the North have going for it?

The North was more industrialized than the South was

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

In 1862 - was the north fighting aggressively?

Yes, the North was aggressively fighting against the South.

* Lincoln gives the order to **launch a unified aggressive action against the Confederacy**
* Submarine Warfare: The Monitor vs. The Merrimack

Battle at Pea Ridge

* One of the few battles where the **Confederates would outnumber the Union soldiers**
* Happens in the Northwest corner of Arkansas, near Bentonville
* **The Union will win** **and cement control of Missouri**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What was a characteristic of the Southern army as they approached battle?

The Southern army initially had more men when approaching battle

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Shiloh cost the Confederates many casualties. Who was the general which inflicted these heavy losses?

General Ulysses S. Grant

Battle at Shiloh

* ***April 6th***- Confederate (Johnson and Beauregard) forces attacked Union forces under General Ulysses S Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee
* **There will be more casualties in this battle than any other combined**
* Many people lost at Shiloh → enacted draft

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Which Southern General comes to work with the Confederate Army in 1862? What was he like?

General Stonewall Jackson. He was literally a “Stonewall”

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Who is giving command of the entire Confederate Army, and given his own division called - The Army of Northern Virginia?

Jeff Davis

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Seven Days Battle

What does Lee do to the Union army and what does this show about the Confederate forces?

* The **union army is driven from Richmond** and is on the run
* Lee chases them all the way back to the peninsula and keeps the Confederate Army and Capital (Now in Richmond, Virginia) intact
* This shows how powerful the confederate army initially was

Where does the capital get moved to?

Richmond, Virginia → Montgomery, Alabama

The Second Battle of Manassas/Bull Run

* Union army outnumbers the Confederate Army 


* **Confederate Victory**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Sharpsburg/Antietam

Lee wants to advance into the North. Does he make it? And what major consequence happens as a result of the Confederate loss?

* Happens in Maryland

**→ First battle on Union soil**

* **The bloodiest battle on American soil**
* The Confederates were **outnumbered**
* **Union will finally win**
* For the next 3-5 years, **they will not be able to conquer 109 miles from Richmond to D.C**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

* In the eyes of the federal government, **slaves are** **considered free** on January 1st, 1863 


* **Blacks are seen as citizens** of the United States
* Any slaves on North plantation soil are considered free

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Chancellorsville. The perfect battle.

How is it won? Division. Result. Who dies?

* **Lee will gamble**. Outnumbered 2:1- he will split his army


* Stonewall Jackson also splits his army
* Hooker has a party the night before the battle

→ The union party is asleep 

* Confederate makes a big mistake at this battle: ***WAITING*** 
* **Confederate soldier shot Stonewall Jackson, one of his own men**
* **The South is left with Lee**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is the Significance of Vicksburg and Gettysburg?

Turning points of the Civil War

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Who is the union general at Vicksburg and what strategy does he employ to defeat the city? What does the Union get in taking control of Vicksburg?

* Grant is the Union general
* Divide and conquer is the strategy used through a **siege**

→ Union shuts down the Mississippi River and 1/3 of the South by cutting off supplies

* **Union wins**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION?

What happens when Lee takes the war to the north in Gettysburg?

* **Why Gettysburg?** A railroad from Philadelphia to Chicago
* Lee’s plan is simple: Get to Harrisburg, Pa., **kill the railroad there**, turn attention to Philadelphia, Baltimore, then to D.C
* He got very close to Harrisburg, except, on a training exercise, a **Lieutenant spots Lee**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Pickett’s Charge

Lee took 14,000 men to charge to Gettysburg; only 1 survived (Pickett)

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

The sweeping arcs

Army formation “J”

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is the result of the Confederate Army losing at Gettysburg? (Long Term)

* Lee made a critical mistake with his army and underestimated the Union army
* The **Union Army has more guns and men and repulse the Confederate army back to the South**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Battle of Chattanooga - union wins, but more importantly, what does this allow?

* This allows for **Tennessee (center of the south) to be wide open**, and an invasion of the deep south can occur without problems
* **Union pushes to Atlanta and crushes it (Center of industrialization for the South)**

Wilderness Campaign Battles

* In the **Wilderness Campaign**, there are a number of battles

→ One is called Spotsylvania

→ This is where some of the **fiercest and most savage fighting** of the Civil War breaks out. **Causalities are almost even**

* **Wilderness campaign is absolute bloodshed for both sides**

Battle of Cold Harbor

* Grant will launch a counterattack against Lee


* **Grant’s losses are replaceable, Lee’s are not**
* **North uses advantages in industrialization and population to help win the Civil War**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Describe The March to the Sea - The March Through Georgia - William Sherman. “Total War.”

* In 1864, Sherman is going to swing out of Chattanooga to get to Atlanta on Dec. 24th 

→ Burns down almost every building possible 

→ He goes to South Atlanta where a large population of slaves are located and gets them to side with the Union

→ Destroys railroads: **Sherman’s Neckties** (wants to destroy every possible way that the South can industrialize)

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Slaves become members of the Union army.

How does Sherman end the March to the Sea?

Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah, absolutely annihilating everything. He ends the March to the Sea by capturing the Savannah port.

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Explain how the South begins to fall

* The only Southern state left is North Carolina
* Transportation problems and successful blockades caused **several shortages of food and supplies in the South**

→ Starving soldiers began to desert Lee’s forces

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Explain the conscription for slaves

Jeff Davis will sign an executive order that slaves may fight with the Confederates in return for “freedom”

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Describe the Southern Peace offer

* Sherman and Grant meet in Virginia

→ **Grant asks Lee to surrender due to the state of his army**
* The Confederacy tries to send a peace offering to Lincoln

→ **Peace offering is rejected**; war is still going on about slavery
* Lee says for Grant to meet at the Appomattox Courthouse

→ Grant wins and starts weeping; **Lee signs surrender**
* Grant allows Lee to keep armory and weaponry

→ **Taking away armory and weaponry means they are subjected to the government** and the whims; taken over

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is significant about the Battle of Spanish Fort?

The last port City is officially taken - Mobile

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is the attitude of the surrender on both sides?

* Grant started crying and his union soldiers started clapping; he said for them to stop because it was disrespectful
* Sherman left riding his horse backward as a sign of respect


* **Both sides were respectful**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What officially killed more soldiers - battle or disease?

Battle killed more soldiers than disease did. The battle of Shiloh had the most causalities.

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What amendment outlawed slavery in the U.S. permanently?

13th Amendment

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Define Reconstruction

Reconstruction refers to the time after the Civil war between 1864-1877 when the United States is focused on abolishing slavery, destroying all traces of the Confederacy, and “reconstructing” both the South and the Constitution

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Who started Reconstruction?

Abraham Lincoln

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

When did Reconstruction start?

1864

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What were the three phases of Reconstruction?

1. Presidential
2. Congressional
3. Radical

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Does Reconstruction work? Why not?

* Yes, due to Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause
* No, due to Johnson’s failure and the shift in power after the Radical Republicans took over to help Rutherford win

Johnson’s Plan

* In many ways, his plan was like Lincoln’s, despite **Johnson being a Southern former slave holder**


* Stressed reconciliation, rapid restoration of civil gov’t, **pardoning most of the rebels**


* Pardon **goes against what Northern Republicans** want, but **goes with the Southern Democrats** 


* **Differed in response** to restoring the government’s of the rebel states; he **only required the state’s citizens to renounce the right of succession** (not state legislatures or governors themselves), **own up to their Confederate war debts** (which makes republicans happy), and **ratify the 13th amendment**
* He will **instruct military governments to** **return all confiscated land**, even if it was in the hands of freedmen

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What are Black Codes?

A series of laws/amendments to their constitutions, which seeks to keep blacks subordinate, and attempted to limit them to farm work or domestic service

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is the Due Process and Equal Protection Clause?

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; **nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property**, without **due process of law****;** **nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction**, the **equal protection of laws**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What is the 15th Amendment?

* The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

But…

* Rather than absolutely guaranteeing the right to vote, the **amendment merely prohibited exclusion on grounds of race, leaving disenfranchisement** (the ability to take the right away to vote) **open by other means**

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What organization is born in a border state to keep Blacks subordinate?

The Ku Klux Klan

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What did this organization seek to attack?

The Ku Klux Klan sought to burn down/attack educational, civil rights, and economic institutions. These included:

* Churches
* Families
* Schools

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

What pathway gave former slaves hope for a better life?

Freedmen’s Bureau

* Freedmen were blacks (former slaves) who got forty acres and a mule to farm their own land, go to school, etc 

STUDY GUIDE QUESTION:

Election of 1876

What does this do to Reconstruction?

The election of 1876 ended Reconstruction after the Southern states made a deal with Rutherford to help him win over the White House