Healthcare - The Skeletal System

How many bones make up the adult skeletal system?

How many bones make up the adult skeletal system?

206

How many bones make up the fetal skeletal system?

275

The skeletal system is composed of:

• Bone

• Cartilage

• Fibrous connective tissue

Cartilage

Strong, flexible, protein (elastic/collagen fibres) connective tissue

Bone

Strong, rigid, mineralized connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissues

Strong, flexible, protein-rich connective tissue that forms tendons and ligaments

Functions of the skeletal system

• Provides structural framework and points of attachment for muscles via tendons

• Protects organs

• Some bones act as levers resulting in movement with skeletal muscles and joints

• Stores calcium and phosphorus

• Produces blood cells via bone marrow

• Stores fat in the bone marrow as a source of energy

Divisions of the skeletal system (2 types)

1. Axial skeleton (central bone structures)

2. Appendicular skeleton (peripheral bone structures)

Bones included in the axial skeleton

Skull, spinal column, sternum, rib

Bones included in the appendicular skeleton

Hips (pelvic girdle), shoulders (pectoral girdle), extremities.

How many carpals are in a wrist?

8

How many bones are in a hand and wrist and how many are in total (both hands)?

27; 54

How many bones are in a foot and how many are there in total?

26; 52

Long bone + examples

A long bone is a bone where the length is longer than the width: femur, humerus, tibia

Short bone + examples

small, often cube shaped: wrist, ankle, toe bones

Flat bones x examples

flat, big surface area, bones that tend to cover organs: pelvic bones, skull, scapula

Irregular bone + examples

irregularly shaped, asymmetrical bones: vertebrae

Sesamoid bone + example

round bone that forms inside a tendon (fibrous connective tissue) and near a joint: patella

Two types of bone structure

1. Compact bone: outer structure (solid bone, can’t bend easily)

2. Spongy bone: inner structure (covers the space where bone marrow is stored)

Epiphysis

end of long bone consisting of outer compact and inner spongy bone filled with red bone marrow

Diaphysis

length of long bone excluding epiphyses (shaft)

Epiphyseal plate

cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis, aka the growth plate

Articular cartilage

covers epiphysis (ends) and allows joint movement

Medullary cavity

inner hollow cavity along diaphysis containing bone marrow

Endosteum

inner connective tissue layer surrounding medullary cavity

Periosteum

outer connective tissue layer

What is this bone called?

Frontal lobe

What is this bone called?

Occipital bone

What is this bone called?

Parietal bone

Pubic symphysis

connects halves of the pelvis bones in the middle, made of cartilage

The vertebral column consists of ____ sets

5

Name the segments of the vertebrae in order (ascending to descending)

1. Cervical

2. Thoracic

3. Lumbar

4. Sacral/sacrum

5. Coccyx

Vertebrae bones are separated by _________________

thick disks

bones in cervical

7

bones in thoracic

12

bones in lumbar

5

bones in sacrum

5 fused bones (3 - 5… it’s a range ig)

bones in coccyx

4 fused bones

how many metacarpals in one hand?

5

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

How many ribs are true ribs?

7

How many ribs are false ribs?

3

How many ribs are floating ribs?

2

True rib

Joined to spinal column and sternum

False rib

Joined to spinal column and cartilage on the true ribs

Floating ribs

only attached to spinal column

Joint

points of attachment between bones

Ligaments

Flexible connective tissue connecting bone to bone

Tendons

Connecting muscle to bone

Bursae

Fluid-filled sac near joints that acts as a spacer between muscle and bone

Arthralgia

Joint pain

Osteoarthritis

• Inflammation of bone and joint

• Normal wear & tear

• Common in weight-bearing joints (like the knee)

• Occurs when the cartilage between bones wear down

Rheumatoid arthritis

• Autoimmune disorder

• Attacks joints

• Causes swelling

• Genetic

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae

Olecranon bursitis

student elbow

Prepatellar bursitis

Housemaid’s knees

Tendonitis

• Inflammation of tendons

• Microtear

• Overuse injury (caused by repetitive motions)

Sprain

• Overstretching of ligament

• Pain/severity is graded from 1 to 3

Osteoporosis

• Very thin/weak bones

• Common in seniors and post-menopausal ppl

Dislocation

• Bone moves out of regular position

Scoliosis

• S-curve to spine, lateral curvature

• Idiopathic

Kyphosis

• Hunchback

• Exaggerated upper back

Lordosis

• Sway back

• lower back curve

• Lumbar spine curvature

Fracture

Broken bone

Strain

Over-extension of muscle causing injury

Falling: biological and medical factors

• Underlying diseases like osteoperosis and Parkinson’s

• Old age

• Poor eyesight (comes with old age)

• Physical disabilities

• Muscle weakness (reduced physical fitness, deconditioning)

• Impaired control of balance or gait

• Cognitive impairment (dementia)

• Depression (less presence of mind)

• ALPHA MALES have higher risk bc they generally do more dangerous shit

Falling: behavioural risk factors

• Fear of falling (leads to tension and stiffness)

• Lack of focus

• Risk-taking behaviour

• Sports

• Children/toddlers

• History of falling

• Refusing to use support devices

• Certain meds (drowsy, sedatives)

• Substance abuse

• Wearing high heels and other attire that causes imbalance

• Lack of fitness/endurance

Falling: environmental risk factors

• Trip hazards: furniture, wires, rugs

• Cluttered, messy workplace or living space

• Public environment hazards: poor lighting, cracked pavement

• Assistive devices not secured or maintained (wheelchairs that are unlocked)

• Slippery surfaces

Falling: socioeconomic risk factors

• Lack of support systems

• Family household income

• Dangerous work environment due to low status

• Small living space

• Less access to healthcare

• Working multiple jobs

• Less money for repair jobs so they attempt them

• Education level -→ leads to low income

• Housing (apartments that have stairs)

Linear/fissured fracture

Fracture is in the same direction as the length of the long bone

Transverse fracture

Fracture is across the length of the long bone (ON THE WIDTH)

• across horizontal plane in anatomical position

Comminuted fracture

multiple bone shards

Open/compound fractures

• Protrudes through skin

• More bleeding therefore more infectious

Closed/simple fracture

bruh u know what this shit is.

Compression fracture

• Common in vertebrae and heels

• Common when you fall from a high height

Stress fracture

• Repetitive overuse injury

• Microfracture

• Common in lower extremities

Greenstick fracture

• Common in children

• Incomplete fracture

Avulsion fracture

• Fracture happening at the attachment to a tendon or ligament

• Ligament rips the bone away EWWW

Compression fracture

yeah so this is a joke flashcard, if you read this you must text me “we have to talk” and turn off your phone

Shorter tuning fork

for hearing

Longer tuning fork

felix: “for like ummmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm fractures?”

Important info on an x-ray

left or right (L or R)

• patient’s name, age, DOB

• date of x-ray