Geography Paper 3 - Disease Dilemas

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53 Terms

1
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What is an infectious disease?

  • Spread y pathogens

  • Most but not all are spread person to person

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What is a contagious disease?

  • Infectious diseases that can spread by direct contact

  • e.g. typhoid, Ebola

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What is a communicable disease?

  • Spread from host to host but doesn’t require quarantine

  • Some are non-contagious e.g. malaria

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What is a zoonotic disease?

  • Infectious disease that are spread from animals to humans

  • e.g. rabies

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What is a non infectious disease?

  • Not communicable

  • Causes are genetics, lifestyle and environment

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What is an endemic?

  • They exist permanently in a geographical area or population

  • e.g. sleeping sickness in Sub-Saharan Africa

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What is an epidemic?

  • An outbreak of disease that attacks people and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area

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What is a pandemic?

  • An epidemic that spreads worldwide

  • e.g. Covid-19

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What are degenerative diseases?

  • 60% of worldwide deaths are due to ageing population and increasing unhealthy lifestyle

  • e.g. dementia, cancer

  • Also influenced by lifestyle choices such as smoking and stress

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What is the distribution of malaria across the world?

  • Most concentrated in the tropics where there is high humidity

  • Tropical disease

  • Infectious but not contagious

  • Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America

  • 3.2 billion people are at risk in 97 countries

  • Transmitted by mosquitos

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What is the distribution of HIV/AIDS across the world?

  • Infectious and contagious

  • Spread by bodily fluids like semen and blood

  • Concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • In 2015 35 million people were infected with HIV/AIDS

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What is the distribution of TB across the world?

  • Tuberculosis is infectious and contagious

  • Associated with poverty and overcrowding

  • Africa has highest number of cases but its everywhere

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What is the distribution of Diabetes across the world?

  • Non communicable disease and is caused by insulin deficiency

  • 250 million people affected globally

  • Concentrated in north America and South East Asia most but is everywhere

  • Type 1 is genetic but type 2 is caused by lifestyle

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What is the distribution of CVD across the world?

  • Cardiovascular disease covers a range of diseases like coronary heart disease to do with the heart

  • Incidence rises with age so more prevalent in high income countries where life expectancy is higher

  • Causes 17 million deaths yr

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What are the 4 types of disease diffusion?

  • Expansion

  • Relocation

  • Contagious

  • Hierarchal

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What is expansion diffusion?

  • Has a source and then spreads outwards in the radius

  • The source remains infected

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What is Relocation diffusion?

  • When a disease leaves the origin and moves to new areas

  • Source no longer affected

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What is contagious diffusion?

  • Spread of disease through contact

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What is Hierarchal diffusion?

  • Through an ordered sequence usually from larger urban areas eventually reaching small rural ones

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What are physical barriers to diffusion?

  • Physical parts of the world that make diffusion of disease harder

  • E.g. distance, mountain ranges, ocean, desert, climate

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What are Socio-Economic barriers to diffusion?

  • Political borders check for any carriers of disease so people infected don’t get into the country

  • Curfews and quarantine

  • PPE such as face masks

  • Mass vaccination programs

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What is Hagerstrand’s diffusion model?

  • It was originally developed to stimulate the spread of farm subsidies in Sweden

  • Later applied to contagious disease diffusion

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What is the neighbourhood effect in this model?

  • Probability of contact between carrier and non-carrier is determined by the number of people in a population

  • Closer proximity means a greater probability of infection

  • Its a geometric increase of infection

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Why does this diffusion model create an S-shaped curve?

  • Initially slow beginning of spread due to low numbers infected

  • Number of infected then accelerates as there is geometric increase

  • Levels out then when most people are infected

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How does climate affect disease?

  • Temperature and precipitation often provide ideal climate for vector born disease such as malaria due to it being the natural habitat of the mosquito

  • Often seasonal variation in disease due to varied rainfall and varying temperature

  • Altitude also has an affect as higher altitudes are colder so less prevalence of vector borne disease but more of flu which thrives in the cold

  • In LIDC and EDC people rely on water from wells which is often contaminated

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How will climate change affect disease?

  • Increases temp, rainfall and humidity

  • Enhances all diseases that thrive in those conditions such as malaria, dengue fever

  • As temp increases in Canada Lyme disease is also increasing

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How does zoonotic disease spread?

  • From animals to people

  • Very common

  • Major diseases such as sleeping sickness, dengue fever, malaria

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What affects the probability of zoonotic transmission?

  • Movement of infected wild animals that are unrestricted by barriers

  • Control of diseased domestic animals

  • Urbanisation

  • Vaccination of pets and livestock is very sparse

  • Hygeine and sanitation is poor animals will increase

  • Prolonged contact between humans and animals such as with cattle farming

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What is epidemiological transition?

  • Relationship between development and changes in age, mortality, fertility and cause of death

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What is the first phase of the epidemiological transition?

  1. Age of pestilence and famine

    • Pre industrial societies morbidity is high

    • Life expectancy is low

    • Poor sanitation, lots of contamination

    • Slow population growth

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What is the second phase of the epidemiological transition?

  1. The age of receding pandemics

    • Industrial societies that have medical advancement, hygiene

    • Life expectancy rises

    • Many LIDC and EDC are in this stage today

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What is the third phase of the epidemiological transition?

  1. Post industrial society mortality slackens

    • Further medical improvement, hygiene and standard of living

    • Mortality to infectious disease is rare

    • Degenerative disease is the main cause

    • Cancer more common

    • Many EDC are in this stage

    • However ACs fall in a further 4th stage

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Why does non-communicable disease increase in Advanced Countries?

  • Cancer and CVD dominate

  • Overnutrition and poor life style choices such as lack of physical activity and diet all lead to these things

  • Communicable diseases death mostly eliminated due to better standard of living and medical advancement

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Why does communicable disease increase in Lower Income Developing Countries?

  • They rely on natural water for drinking so its often contaminated causing cholera and diarrhoea

  • Inadequate healthcare services

  • Malnutrition

  • Lack Vitamin D leads to rickets, Lack Vitamin C leads to scurvy

  • Slum housing and overcrowding has poor sanitation

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Who are the WHO?

  • World Health Organisation

  • 1948 they headquartered in Geneva

  • They direct and coordinate on health with the UN

  • Work closely with NGOs such as UNICEF, Red Cross

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What is WHOs brief?

  • Gather health data

  • Identify priority areas

  • Research different health problems

  • Support UN member states in making decisions

  • Provide support during health crisis

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Why is the quality of WHOs data sometimes unreliable?

Because 2/3 of deaths are not registered

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What happened during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic?

  • April 2009 swine flu identified in Mexico

  • Spread to North America

  • WHO declared international public health emergency

  • By June pandemic in 74 countries

  • In June cases doubled every 15 days

  • In autumn numbers began to decrease

  • May 2010 there was steep decline

  • They quoted 18,000 deaths but likely to be way over 300,000

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What are physical barriers to mitigation strategies?

  • Remote communities can be at an advantage in terms of infection but also very hard to access for medical assistance

  • e.g. Amazon rainforest has many indigenous tribes who previously lived peacefully but then exploiters cam in and were carriers of disease that the indigenous had not been vaccinated against

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What is HIV/AIDS?

  • First identified in USA 1981

  • Weakens human immune system

  • Leads to AIDS if untreated

  • 70% of people with it in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Funding by governments and WHO HIV infections were 35% lower in 2013 than 2001

  • Poorest places in Africa worst affected

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How do we mitigate against HIV/AIDS?

  • Education and public understanding of the fact it is spread through semen and blood

  • Promote safe sex and needle usage

  • Free condoms, dirty needle bins

  • Protect human rights of the groups worst affected such as gay men, women and girls, refugees

  • More tolerant attitudes of people so help is less shameful

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How are people diagnosed with HIV?

  • Screening for HIV antibodies in blood/saliva

  • Widely used in ACs

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How is HIV managed?

  • Antiretroviral drugs suppress HIV and halt its progression into AIDS

  • Low cost drugs are available

  • But not low enough for poorest countries

44
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How does nature provide medicine?

  • Many medicines originate from natural plants

  • Hippocrates recorded more than 300 plants and herbs

  • First naturally deprived medicine was morphine in 19th centaury

45
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Give 2 examples of drugs made from natural sources?

  1. Caffeine

    • From tea, coffee and cocoa plants

    • Grows in tropical conditions

    • Stimulates the central nervous system

  2. Nicotine

    • Comes from tobacco plant

    • Grows in 20-30 degree

    • Helps with Alzheimer’s and depression

46
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How are wild medical plants surviving?

  • At the moment its unsustainable

  • Over harvesting is wide spread

  • Reduces plant populations and genetic diversity

  • Results in extinction

  • Slow and niche growing conditions are most vulnerable

47
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Why do habitats need to be protected?

  • Deforestation is 325km² a day

  • At least one potential drug is lost every 2 years

  • Pharmaceutical companies majorly profit and often steal of indigenous tribes

  • As a result part of the HIV drug prostialin’s revenue goes back to the Samoa tribe as compensation to protect the rainforest

48
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When was smallpox eradicated?

1980

49
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What diseases is WHO currently trying to eradicate?

  • Polio which got a vaccine in 1952

  • Previously paralysed 600,000 a year

  • Global polio eradication initiative in 1988

  • By 2011 it was only an endemic in 3 countries Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria

50
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What top down strategy is being used to eliminate malaria?

  • In Mauritius malaria was an epidemic in 1867 and killed 1/8 of the population

  • Major government campaign in 1948

  • Spray buildings and breeding sites of mosquitos with DDT

  • 1973 WHO announced elimination of malaria in Mauritius

  • 2 years later cyclone causes another outbreak and further spraying an drugs implemented

  • Only been 1 case since 1997

51
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How is guinea worm being eradicated?

  • Ghana West Africa

  • Partner with the Red Cross Women’s Clubs

  • Teach women volunteers about prevention

  • They then visit the villages and educate

  • Previously tried this with men but women are the ones collecting water so they need to be told about it

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What are the responsibilities of the women volunteers?

  • Monitor identify and report new cases

  • Ensure infected don’t contaminate the water

  • Distribute replace and check the filters that remove water fleas

  • Identify where there are water sources

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What is the life cycle of a guinea worm?

  1. Drink water containing water fleas infected with guinea worm larvae

  2. Fleas are digested and release larvae into abdomen where they mate

  3. Female worms growing up to 1m move through body

  4. A year later a worm emerges from a blister its created causing immense pain making a person rush to water

  5. They then infest water and worm releases larvae

  6. Water fleas then consume the larvae