A collection of resources accessed via the Internet
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Backbone
A set of dedicated connections that connect several large networks at various points on the globe
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URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Used to specify means of accessing a resource across a network and its location
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URL components
Web protocol, domain name, name of resource
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DNS (Domain Name System)
Translates between domain names and IP addresses using DNS servers
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DNS Server
Dedicated computer with an index of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses
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Internet Registries
5 global Internet Registries are responsible for allocating IP addresses to specific domain names, and maintain a database of address assignments that ensure IP addresses and domain names are unique
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LAN (Local Area Network)
Two or more computers connected together within a small geographical area
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Network Topology
The arrangement of various computing devices which make up a computer network
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Bus topology
An arrangement where nodes are connected in a daisy chain by a single central communications channel (backbone cable)
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Star topology
An arrangement where a central node or hub provides a common connection point for all other nodes
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Peer-to-peer topology
An arrangement where each node is connected to each other
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Ring topology
An arrangement where each node is connected in a circle fashion
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Hub
Transmits communication with every computer it is connected to
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Switch
Transmits communication to only the computer it is intended for
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Wi-Fi
A wireless networking technology providing high-speed Internet and network connections
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Wireless Access Point (WAP)
A device that creates a WLAN
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
A hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network
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Circuit Switching
Assigns a temporary and dedicated link between source and destination with dedicated bandwidth until transmission is complete
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Packet switching
Breaks data into packets and sends them staggered via routes with lowest latency Allows communication channels to be shared
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Gateway
A bridge between networks that use different protocols Header data is removed and reapplied using the correct format of the new network
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Protocol
A set of rules for data communication
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TCP/IP stack
Application, Transport, Internet, Link
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Application Layer (sending)
Provides interface for applications to communicate across networks Decides which protocol to use
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Transport Layer (sending)
Uses TCP to establish end-to-end connection with recipient computer Splits data into packets and numbers them sequentially Adds port number to use based on protocol
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Internet/Network Layer (sending)
Uses IP to address packets with source and destination IP addresses A router forwards each packet towards an endpoint, defined by the combination of IP address and port number Each router uses a routing table to instruct each hop
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Link Layer (sending)
Operates across a physical connection Adds MAC address of physical NIC card that packets should be sent to based on destination hop MAC addresses change with every hop
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Link Layer (receiving)
removes MAC address from each packet
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Internet/Network Layer (receiving)
removes IP address from each packet
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Transport Layer (receiving)
Confirms packets have been received and requests any missing to be resent Removes port number from each packet Reassembles packets in correct order
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Application Layer (receiving)
Presents meaningful data for user
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MAC address
Uniquely identifies a physical device with an NIC
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
An applications-layer protocol used to transfer files across a network
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Used to send emails and forward them between mail servers to their destination
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Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3)
Downloads email stored on a remote server to a local client, then removes from server after download
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Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
Manages emails on a server so multiple clients access the same email account simultaneously
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Time to Live (TTL)
the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it is destroyed/ hop limit
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Latency
The time data takes to travel across a network from source to destination
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Packet trailer
Contains error checking components, i.e. checksums or Cyclic Redundancy checks; end of packet flag
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Packet Header
Contains source and destination IP address, packet number, protocol/port number
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Routing
Routers forward data packets from one network to another, and each looks up destination IP address in routing table to find best route
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Application Programming Interface (API)
A set of tools that can be used for building software applications
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