Studied by 3 people
Reproductive & Endocrine System
human somatic cell (# of chromosomes)
23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromonsome
homologous chromosme
same chromosomal structure; not identical
chromosome
tightly wound DNA
centromere
region on chromosome for spindle fibers to attach to
meiosis consists of
meiosis I & meiosis II
meiosis I (general gist)
separates homologous chromosomes
meiosis II (general gist)
separate sister chromatid
karyotype
analysis of chromosomes
“n” represents
number of chromosmes
number in front of n represents
number of homologous chromosomes
“r” represents
replication (sister chromatid)
haploid
n cell
diploid
2n cell
spermatogenesis steps & number of chromosomes
spermatogonium (2n)
primary spermatocyte (2nr)
secondary spermatocyte (nr)
spermatids (n)
spermatazoa
where does spermatogenesis occur
testes
onset of spermatogenesis
puberty
cessation of spermatogenesis
death
process that develops spermatogonium into primary spermatocyte
DNA replication (male)
process that develops primary spermatocyte into secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis I (male)
process that develops secondary spermatocyte into spermatids
meiosis II (male)
process that develops spermatids into spermatozoa
spermiogenesis
oogenesis & number of chromosomes
oogonium (2n)
primary oocyte (2nr)
secondary oocyte (nr) & first polar body
ovum (n) & second polar body
where does oogenesis take place
ovaries
onset of oogenesis
prior to birth
when does oogenesis stop
menopause
number of oogonium at birth
200,000-2,000,000
number of oogonium at puberty
40,000
atresia
natural degeneration of oocytes
DNA replication in oogenesis takes place when?
prior to birth
at what stage is primary oocyte arrested in
prophase I (female)
process that develops primary oocyte into secondary oocyte
meiosis I (female)
when does meiosis I occur in females
puberty/just prior to ovulation
when does meiosis II occur in females
at fertilization
at what stage is secondary oocyte halted in
metaphase II
process that develops secondary oocyte into ovum
meiosis II (female)
Meiosis I phases
prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I
prophase I events
chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope & nucleoli disappear
mitotic spindles form
tetrad formation
crossing over occurs
crossing over
exchange of genetic information between non sister chromatids
metaphase I events
tetrads (homologous pair) line up at metaphase plate
centrosomes at opposite ends of pole
anaphase I events
homologous chromosomes separate & move to opposite poles
beginning of cleavage furrow
telophase I events
chromosomes uncondense
nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear
mitotic spindle disappear
results: haploid cells with replicated chromosomes (nr)
prophase II events
chromosomes recondense
nuclear envelope & nucleoli disappear
mitotic spindle forms
metaphase II events
sister chromatids align along metaphase plate
anaphase II events
centromeres split
sister chromatids separate & daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
telophase II
chromosomes uncondense
nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear
mitotic spindle disappear
products: haploid daughter cells (non identical) (n)
testis (2 function)
produce spermatozoa & testosterone
seminiferous tubules
site of spermatogenesis; 800 ft
septa
wall like structure to organize seminiferous tubule
straight tubules, rete testis & efferent ductules
passageway fo sperm
tunica albuginea
covering of tetis; maintains shape & forms lobules with septa (structural support)
interstitial cells of Leydig
between seminiferous tubule; produce tsosterone
head, body & tail of epididymus (function)
reabsorb sperm, temporary storage & maturation of sperm
ductus deferens/vas deferens
passageway for sperm; store & transport sperm
ampulla of ductus deferens
enlargement that stores & transports sperm
ejaculatory duct
passageway for sperm (through prostate gland)
scrotum
houses testes at 2-3 celsius below body temp
tunica vaginalis
derived from peritoneum
gubernaculum
connective tissue structure; guides testicular descent
cremaster mucle
derived from internal oblique; involuntarily elevates testes in response to cold/sexual stimuli
dartos muscle
smooth muscle deep to scrotal skin; elevates scrotum in response to cold/sexual stimuli
raphe
midline ridge of scrotum
inguinal canal
passageway through which testes descend
spermatic cord contains
ductus deferens
pampiniform plexus
testicular artery/vein
lymphatic vessel
spermatic nerve
pampiniform plexus
interlacing network of veins; countercurrent exchange for temperature regulation
testicular artery/vein
blood supply to/from testis
lymphatic vessel
carries lymph
spermatic nerve
innervates testes (highly sensitive for protection)
prostate gland
produces 25% of seminal fluid (citric acid & proteolytic enzymes)
prostatic urethra
merges with ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
produces 60% of seminal fluid (fructose, clotting factor, prostaglandin & HCO3-)
bulbourethral glands
produce 15% of seminal fluid (HCO3- rich fluid, cleans out urethra)
penis
deliver gametes to female
glans penis
head of penis (~200 sensory receptor)
prepuce
foreskin; covering of glans penis (protect & maintain sensitivity)
circumcision
removal of prepuce
corpora cavernosa
erectile tissue; engorges w/blood to cause erections
corpus spongiosum
erectile tissue; engorges w/blood to keep spongey urethra open
bulb
anchors corpus spongiosum to pelvic floor
crura
anchors corpora cavernosa to inferior ramus
membranous urethra/cavernous urethra
passageway
what is “a” structure
what is “b” structure
what is the structure highlighted in green?
what is G1?
what is G2?
what is G3?
what is the structure circled in blue?
what is the structure at the tip of the pink arrow?
what is the structure highlighted in yellow?
what is the structure at the tip of the purple arrow?
what is the structure at the tip of the of the black arrow?
testis
vas deferens
epididymus
head of epididymus
body of epididymus
tail of epididymus
rete testis
septa
tunica albuginea
straight tubule
seminiferous tubule
ovaries
produce estrogen & progesterone
begin oogenesis
ovarian ligament
attach ovaries to uterus
suspensory ligament
attach ovaries to lateral abdominopelvic wall
germinal epithelium
epithelial tissue on periphery of ovary
cortex of ovaries
outer part of ovary
medulla of ovaries
inner part of ovary
uterine tube
transport 2 oocyte/ovulated structure or fertilized structure to the uterus
ciliated epithelium
regions of uterine tube
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
fimbriae
infundibulum of uterine tube
enlargement of uterine tube
ampulla of uterine tube
site of fertilization
isthmus of uterine tube
narrowing of uterine tube
fimbriae of uterine tube
picks up ovulated structure
uterus
site of implantation
regions of uterus
body
isthmus
fundus
layers of uterus
endometrium
myometrium
endometrium
can sustain implanted structure temporarily
myometrium
smooth muscle; contracts in response to prostaglandin & oxytocin
regions of broad ligament
mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium
anchors uterus laterally
Note 
Flashcard (20)