BIOL 431 Unit 5 Lab Exam

Reproductive & Endocrine System

human somatic cell (# of chromosomes)

23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromonsome

homologous chromosme

same chromosomal structure; not identical

chromosome

tightly wound DNA

centromere

region on chromosome for spindle fibers to attach to

meiosis consists of

meiosis I & meiosis II

meiosis I (general gist)

separates homologous chromosomes

meiosis II (general gist)

separate sister chromatid

karyotype

analysis of chromosomes

“n” represents

number of chromosmes

number in front of n represents

number of homologous chromosomes

“r” represents

replication (sister chromatid)

haploid

n cell

diploid

2n cell

spermatogenesis steps & number of chromosomes

spermatogonium (2n)

primary spermatocyte (2nr)

secondary spermatocyte (nr)

spermatids (n)

spermatazoa

where does spermatogenesis occur

testes

onset of spermatogenesis

puberty

cessation of spermatogenesis

death

process that develops spermatogonium into primary spermatocyte

DNA replication (male)

process that develops primary spermatocyte into secondary spermatocyte

Meiosis I (male)

process that develops secondary spermatocyte into spermatids

meiosis II (male)

process that develops spermatids into spermatozoa

spermiogenesis

oogenesis & number of chromosomes

oogonium (2n)

primary oocyte (2nr)

secondary oocyte (nr) & first polar body

ovum (n) & second polar body

where does oogenesis take place

ovaries

onset of oogenesis

prior to birth

when does oogenesis stop

menopause

number of oogonium at birth

200,000-2,000,000

number of oogonium at puberty

40,000

atresia

natural degeneration of oocytes

DNA replication in oogenesis takes place when?

prior to birth

at what stage is primary oocyte arrested in

prophase I (female)

process that develops primary oocyte into secondary oocyte

meiosis I (female)

when does meiosis I occur in females

puberty/just prior to ovulation

when does meiosis II occur in females

at fertilization

at what stage is secondary oocyte halted in

metaphase II

process that develops secondary oocyte into ovum

meiosis II (female)

Meiosis I phases

prophase I

metaphase I

anaphase I

telophase I

prophase I events

chromosomes condense

nuclear envelope & nucleoli disappear

mitotic spindles form

tetrad formation

crossing over occurs

crossing over

exchange of genetic information between non sister chromatids

metaphase I events

tetrads (homologous pair) line up at metaphase plate

centrosomes at opposite ends of pole

anaphase I events

homologous chromosomes separate & move to opposite poles

beginning of cleavage furrow

telophase I events

chromosomes uncondense

nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear

mitotic spindle disappear

results: haploid cells with replicated chromosomes (nr)

prophase II events

chromosomes recondense

nuclear envelope & nucleoli disappear

mitotic spindle forms

metaphase II events

sister chromatids align along metaphase plate

anaphase II events

centromeres split

sister chromatids separate & daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles

telophase II

chromosomes uncondense

nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear

mitotic spindle disappear

products: haploid daughter cells (non identical) (n)

testis (2 function)

produce spermatozoa & testosterone

seminiferous tubules

site of spermatogenesis; 800 ft

septa

wall like structure to organize seminiferous tubule

straight tubules, rete testis & efferent ductules

passageway fo sperm

tunica albuginea

covering of tetis; maintains shape & forms lobules with septa (structural support)

interstitial cells of Leydig

between seminiferous tubule; produce tsosterone

head, body & tail of epididymus (function)

reabsorb sperm, temporary storage & maturation of sperm

ductus deferens/vas deferens

passageway for sperm; store & transport sperm

ampulla of ductus deferens

enlargement that stores & transports sperm

ejaculatory duct

passageway for sperm (through prostate gland)

scrotum

houses testes at 2-3 celsius below body temp

tunica vaginalis

derived from peritoneum

gubernaculum

connective tissue structure; guides testicular descent

cremaster mucle

derived from internal oblique; involuntarily elevates testes in response to cold/sexual stimuli

dartos muscle

smooth muscle deep to scrotal skin; elevates scrotum in response to cold/sexual stimuli

raphe

midline ridge of scrotum

inguinal canal

passageway through which testes descend

spermatic cord contains

ductus deferens

pampiniform plexus

testicular artery/vein

lymphatic vessel

spermatic nerve

pampiniform plexus

interlacing network of veins; countercurrent exchange for temperature regulation

testicular artery/vein

blood supply to/from testis

lymphatic vessel

carries lymph

spermatic nerve

innervates testes (highly sensitive for protection)

prostate gland

produces 25% of seminal fluid (citric acid & proteolytic enzymes)

prostatic urethra

merges with ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles

produces 60% of seminal fluid (fructose, clotting factor, prostaglandin & HCO3-)

bulbourethral glands

produce 15% of seminal fluid (HCO3- rich fluid, cleans out urethra)

penis

deliver gametes to female

glans penis

head of penis (\~200 sensory receptor)

prepuce

foreskin; covering of glans penis (protect & maintain sensitivity)

circumcision

removal of prepuce

corpora cavernosa

erectile tissue; engorges w/blood to cause erections

corpus spongiosum

erectile tissue; engorges w/blood to keep spongey urethra open

bulb

anchors corpus spongiosum to pelvic floor

crura

anchors corpora cavernosa to inferior ramus

membranous urethra/cavernous urethra

passageway

what is “a” structure

what is “b” structure

what is the structure highlighted in green?

what is G1?

what is G2?

what is G3?

what is the structure circled in blue?

what is the structure at the tip of the pink arrow?

what is the structure highlighted in yellow?

what is the structure at the tip of the purple arrow?

what is the structure at the tip of the of the black arrow?

testis

vas deferens

epididymus

head of epididymus

body of epididymus

tail of epididymus

rete testis

septa

tunica albuginea

straight tubule

seminiferous tubule

ovaries

produce estrogen & progesterone

begin oogenesis

ovarian ligament

attach ovaries to uterus

suspensory ligament

attach ovaries to lateral abdominopelvic wall

germinal epithelium

epithelial tissue on periphery of ovary

cortex of ovaries

outer part of ovary

medulla of ovaries

inner part of ovary

uterine tube

transport 2 oocyte/ovulated structure or fertilized structure to the uterus

ciliated epithelium

regions of uterine tube

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

fimbriae

infundibulum of uterine tube

enlargement of uterine tube

ampulla of uterine tube

site of fertilization

isthmus of uterine tube

narrowing of uterine tube

fimbriae of uterine tube

picks up ovulated structure

uterus

site of implantation

regions of uterus

body

isthmus

fundus

layers of uterus

endometrium

myometrium

endometrium

can sustain implanted structure temporarily

myometrium

smooth muscle; contracts in response to prostaglandin & oxytocin

regions of broad ligament

mesometrium

mesovarium

mesosalpinx

mesometrium

anchors uterus laterally