Module 2

Schizophrenia

exhibit many different kinds of psychotic symptoms, indicating that they have lost touch with reality

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized speech

4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

5. Negative symptoms

Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3):

Delusions

incorrect beliefs that persist, despite evidence to the contrary.

Paranoid delusions

 the theme of being persecuted by others.

Delusions of control

revolve around the belief that the person is being  controlled by other people (or aliens).’

Delusions of grandeur

believing oneself to be significantly more powerful, knowledgeable, or capable than is actually the case.

Delusions of reference:

the belief that external events have special meaning for the individual.

Hallucinations

sensations so vivid that the perceived objects or events seem real even though they are not.

Disorganized Thinking (Speech)

People with schizophrenia can sometimes speak incoherently although they may not necessarily be aware that other people cannot understand what they are saying

word salad

speech may include putting together meaningless words that can’t be understood,

Disorganized behavior

behavior that is so unfocused and disconnected from a goal that the person cannot successfully accomplish a basic task, or the behavior is inappropriate in the situation.

Flat Affect

a person does not display seems emotionally neutral.

alogia: poverty of speech

respond slowly or minimally to questions and generally speak less than do most other people.

Avolition

the term for difficulty in initiating or following through with activities.

Criterion B: Functional Decline

For a significant portion of time since onset, functioning in major areas (e.g., work, relationships, self-care) is markedly below previous levels, or fails to reach expected levels if onset is in childhood/adolescence.

6

Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least _ months.

prodromal

the period between the onset of a disease and the appearance of its characteristic symptoms

residual

characterized by the absence of prominent positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, but the presence of negative symptoms or attenuated positive symptoms

Prodromal/Residual Symptoms

Periods may show only negative symptoms or attenuated forms of Criterion A symptoms (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences).

depressive, bipolar, depressive, manic, active-phase, minority, active, residual

Schizophrenia disorder and __________ or __________ disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either
(1) no major __________ or __________ episodes have occurred concurrently with the __________ symptoms, or
(2) if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a __________ of the total duration of the __________ and __________ periods of the illness.

Physiological, substance, medical

The disturbance is not attributable to the __________ effects of a __________ (e.g., drug abuse, a medication) or another __________ condition.

autism spectrum disorder, communication, delusions, hallucinations

If there is a history of __________ or a __________ disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent __________ or __________, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least __________ (or less if successfully treated).

First Episode, Acute

First manifestation meeting full diagnostic criteria; symptoms are currently active.

First Episode, Partial Remission

Symptoms have improved but still partially meet diagnostic criteria.

First Episode, Full Remission

No disorder-specific symptoms are currently present after a previous episode.

Multiple Episodes, Acute

At least two episodes have occurred, and symptoms are currently active.

Multiple Episodes, Partial Remission

Multiple episodes have occurred, and symptoms are currently partially present.

Multiple Episodes, Full Remission

Multiple episodes have occurred, and no symptoms are currently present.

Continuous

Symptoms persist for the majority of the illness course, with only brief subthreshold periods.

Unspecified

Used when there’s insufficient information to specify a subtype or symptoms don’t fully align with specific criteria.

acute episode

is a time period in which the symptom criteria are fulfilled.

Partial remission

is a period of time during which an improvement after a previous episode is maintained and in which the defining criteria of the disorder are only partially fulfilled. 

Full remission

period of time after a previous episode during which no disorder-specific symptoms are present.

premorbid phase

before symptoms develop, some people may display personality characteristics that later evolve into negative symptoms.

prodromal phase

occurs before  the onset of a psychological disorder, symptoms may develop gradually but do not meet all the criteria for the disorder.

active phase

a person has full-blown positive and negative symptoms that meet all of the criteria for the disorder.