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Psychology
the scientific study of the mind and behaviour
Description
“How” things happen
Explanation
“Why” things happen
Prediction
“When” things will happen
Control
Reducing stress or increasing self-control
The Brain
neuronal activity, brain structures, and genes
The individual
emotions, thoughts, ideas
The group
friends, family members, the larger population, (culture)
Wudnt (Wilhelm)
German
introspection
volunteerism
reaction time
Titchner’s structuralism
James (William)
developed functionalism
Introspection
self-reflection/inspecting ones thoughts
Volunteerism
free will
Titchner’s structuralism
a mode of knowledge of nature and human life that is interested in relationships rather than individual objects, where objects are defined by the set of relationships of which they are part and not by their individual qualities
Functionalism
mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of
Gestalt (whole)
emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts
Behaviourism
focuses on the idea that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment (the science of observable behaviour)
Ivan Pavlov
developed an experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex. He trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a metronome or buzzer, which was previously associated with the sight of food
John Watson
founded classical behaviourism, an approach to psychology that treated behaviour (both animal and human) as the conditioned response of an organism to environmental stimuli
B. F. Skinner
consequence (±) is the driving force of behaviour
Abraham Maslow
stated our behaviours are impacted by our motivations to survive (hierarchy of needs)
Humanism
emphasis on the potential for good
Carl Rogers
developed client-centered therapy, focused on unconditional positive regard, genuineness and empathy
Cognitive psychology (Uric Neisser)
explores mental processes (how we think, remember, and learn)
Mary Whiton Cakins
earned a PhD from Harvard for her focus on memory
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman awarded a doctoral degree in psychology
Martha Bernal
first Latina person to earn a PhD for her research with Mexican children
Areas of Contemporary Psychology
Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology: How biology influences immediate behaviour.
Sensation and Perception: Our perception of sensory stimuli impacts our experiences.
Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on mental processes.
Developmental Psychology: Process related changes across the lifespan.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Personal management, organizational structure, and hiring decisions.
Health Psychology: health is impacted by an interaction of multiple variables (education, public policy, interventions).
Sports and Exercise Psychology: Psychological aspects of sports performance (managing physical and mental well-being).
Clinical Psychology: Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders/adjustment (popularized in the media).
Forensic Psychology: Within the context of the justice system (may have to stand on trial, aid in eye-witness and children’s testimonies).
Contemporary Psychology
both historical and social forces determine the focus of a scientific inquiry
Branches of Psychology
Academic (Professors): Teaching and doing research.
Clinical and Counselling: Therapists
Applied: Schools, marketing, research institutions