Reservoir Petrophysics with Hydrocarbon Phase Analysis | Midterm Exam
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Last updated 1:52 AM on 3/21/23
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70 Terms
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Porosity
a measure of the storage capacity
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Absolute porosity
ratio of the total pore space
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Effective porosity
percentage of interconnected pore space
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Saturation
\- fraction or percent of the pore volume
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Capillary forces
\- forces retaining the water
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Critical oil saturation
\- the saturation of the oil must exceed a certain value
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Residual oil saturation
\- remaining oil left
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Movable oil saturation
\- fraction of pore volume occupied by movable oil
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Critical gas saturation
\- gas phase remains immobile until its saturation exceeds a certain saturation
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Critical water saturation
- maximum water saturation
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Wettability
\- tendency of one fluid
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Surface tension
\- forces acting on the interface
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Interfacial tension
\- when the interface is between two liquids
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Capillary pressure
\- when two immiscible fluids are in contact
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Capillary Hysteresis
\- pore spaces of reservoir rocks were originally filled with water
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Drainage process -
process of generating the capillary pressure
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Imbibition process
\- reversing the drainage process by displacing the nonwetting phase
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Capillary hysteresis
\- process of saturating and desaturating a core
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Transition zone
– vertical thickness
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Zero capillary pressure
\- free water level
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Leverett J-Function
\- dimensionless function of saturation
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Permeability
\- property of the porous medium
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Darcy’s Law
\- equation that defines permeability in terms of measurable quantities
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Darcy
– he developed a fluid flow equation
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1000 md
1 Darcy =
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Dry gas
\- usually used in permeability determination because of its convenience, availability, and to minimize fluid-rock reaction
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Klinkenberg
\- discovered that permeability measurements made with air
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Mean pressure
\- defined as upstream flowing
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Jones (1972)
\- studied the gas slip phenomena
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Weighted-Average Permeability
\- averaging method is used to determine the average permeability of layered-parallel beds
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Warren and Price (1961)
\- illustrated experimentally that the most probable behavior of a heterogeneous formation
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Calhoun (1976)
\- suggested that in an ideal pore configuration
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Effective permeability
\- as the saturation of a particular phase decreases, the permeability to that phase also decreases
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Effective overburden pressure
\- pressure difference between overburden and internal pore pressure
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Rock-matrix compressibility
\- defined as the fractional change in volume of the solid rock
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Rock-bulk compressibility
\- defined as the fractional change in volume of the bulk volume
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Pore compressibility coefficient
\- defined as the fractional change in pore volume of the rock
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Formation compressibility
\- total compressibility
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Geertsma
\- stated that in a reservoir only the vertical component
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Formation compressibility
\- same order of magnitude
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Newman (1973)
\- used 79 samples
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Reservoir heterogeneity
\- variation in reservoir Properties
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Degree of homogeneity
\- a number that characterizes the departure
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Dykstra and Parsons (1950)
\- introduced the concept of the permeability variation coefficient
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Relative permeability
\- the ratio of effective permeability
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Stone (1970)
\- developed a probability model to estimate three-phase relative permeability
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Minimum oil saturation
\- a nonzero residual oil saturation
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specific gravity
RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
\- the ratio of the gas density
\- the ratio of the gas density
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specific volume
RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
\- volume occupied by a unit mass
\- volume occupied by a unit mass
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density
RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
\- ideal gas mixture
\- ideal gas mixture
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gas
RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
- homogeneous fluid
- homogeneous fluid
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Gas viscosity
RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTIES
- measure of the internal fluid friction
- measure of the internal fluid friction
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Petroleum reservoirs
the result of sedimentary processes
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Nonassociated Gas
\- reservoirs that contain almost entirely natural gas
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Dry gas
\- if the fluid at the surface still remains gas
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Wet gas
\- if the surface pressures cause some liquid hydrocarbons to evolve
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Associated Gas
\- almost all oil reservoirs except those classified as extra heavy or tars will produce some natural gas at the surface
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Unconventional Gas
- geological setting and rock type
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Tight gas
\- formed in sandstones
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Coalbed methane (CBM)
\- methane gas that is found adsorbed in many buried coalbed deposits
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Shale gas
\- found in organic shale rocks
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Natural gas phase behavior
\- function of pressure, temperature, and volume
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Bubble Point Curve
\- the curve that separates the pure liquid phase from the two-phase
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Dew Point Curve - the curve that separates the pure gas phase from the two-phase
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Critical Point
\- the point on the phase envelope where the bubble point curve meets the dew point curve
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Cricondentherm
\- the highest temperature at which liquid and vapor can coexist
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Cricondenbar
\- the highest pressure at which a liquid and vapor can coexist
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Retrograde condensate systems and reservoirs
\- unique phenomenon that appears only among hydrocarbon mixtures.
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Gas specific gravity
\- the ratio of the molecular weight
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Viscosity
\- a measure of a fluid’s internal resistance to flow.
