Honors Integrated Science Final

What are the principles of relative dating?

Principle of Superposition
Principle of Original Horizontality
Law of Cross-cutting relationships
Principle of inclusion

Explain the Principle of Superposition

youngest layers are at the top and the oldest are at the bottom

Explain the Principle of Original Horizontality

Sediment particles deposited from water under the influence of gravity form essentially horizontal layers, non-horizontal rocks have been disturbed after deposition and lithification

Explain the law of cross cutting relationships

an intrusion or fault that cuts through another rock is younger than the rock it cuts

Explain the principle of inclusion

inclusions are older than the rocks that contain them

why are crystal materials different?

tectonism and volcanism

What does oceanic oceanic convergence form?

trench, island arc

What does oceanic continental convergence form?

trench and volcanic arc

what does continental continental convergence form?

mountain range and high plateau

what does divergence form?

mid-atlantic ridge

what are the characteristics of igneous rocks?

-crystallized magma
-irregular, interlocking particle

what are the characteristics of sedimentary rocks?

-formed from erosion/deposition
-rounded, cemented grains

what are the characteristics of metamorphic rocks?

-formed by pressure
-parallel aligned minerals

what is the common form of consumable energy generated as?

electricity

what are the different types of energy in a conversion?

-gravitational
-kinetic/potential
-mechanical
-electrical
-thermal

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. leftover energy is stores. When work is done in the process of energy transfer, some energy will be converted to thermal energy
ΔE=Q+W

ΔE=net change in total energy
Q=Heat added
W=Work done

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Thermal energy naturally transfers from hotter to colder substances (thermal equilibrium)

What is the third law of thermodynamics?

If all thermal motion of molecules (kinetic energy) could be removed, a state called ABSOLUTE ZERO would occur

When do change of states occur?

when thermal energy is added or removed

Greater thermal energy does what to particles?

increases kinetic energy, decreases intermolecular attractive forces between particles in a substance, decreases density

Describe behavior of particles in a solid.

less kinetic energy
more dense

Describe behavior of particles in a gas.

more kinetic energy
less dense

What is the equation for thermal energy?

Q=mcΔT

Q=thermal energy
m=mass (grams)
c=specific heat capacity (J/g degrees C)

What is thermal energy compared to all energy?

it is the total internal energy of an object

What is power (related to work)?

The rate at which work is done

What is the equation of power (related to work)?

P=W/Δt

P=power
W=Work
Δt=elapsed time

What is the equation for work?

W=Fd

W=work done on the object (Joules)
F=force applied to an object (Newtons)
d=distance to the object (meters)

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

Ug=mgh

Ug=gravitational potential energy (joules)
m=mass of the object (kilograms)
g=acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2)
h=height above the reference point (meters)

What is the equation for force?

F= MA

F: Force
M: mass
A: acceleration

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

Ek=1/2mv^2

Ek=kinetic energy (joules)
m=mass of the object (kilograms)
v=velocity (m/s)

What is Ohm's Law?

V=IR

Voltage (V)=difference in potential energy, providing the pushing force (volts)
Current (I)= Rate that electrons flow through a circuit (amperes/amps)
Resistance (R)= Resistance to electron flow (Ohms/omega)

How does the energy from natural systems converted to electrical energy?

electrical generator

How do electrical generators use the relationship between electricity and magnetism to create a magnetic field?

Electromagnetic induction

What is the righthand rule?

If you place your hand around a wire with your thumb pointing the direction of the current, you can determine the orientation if the magnetic field around a wire

What are the characteristic of a series circuit?

-one path
-current equal everywhere
-Req=R1+R2…

What are the characteristic of a parallel circuit?

-multiple paths for electrons
-voltage drop is equal for paths
-Itotal=I1+I2…
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2

How do particles move?

due to a force derived from a difference in electrical potential energy

Current can only flow what way?

high potential energy to low potential energy

Same charged particles do what?

repel

Opposite charged particles do what?

attract

What is Coulomb's law?

Felec=K (Q1Q2/d^2)

Felec= Electric force (Newtons)
q=Magnitude of the charges (coulombs)
d=Distance between the charges (meters)
k=Electric Constant: k=8.99x10^9 N m^2/C^2

application/drawing

-Understand the Geologic Time Scale
-Draw Mid-oceanic ridge sea floor spreading
-Understand/draw the cycling of matter in the earth's crust
-label the geologic terrains of connecticut
-Label electricity generation worksheets
-Understand/label change of phase words (sublimation, deposition, condensation, freezing, etc) and understand what it would look like on a graph
-Know how to apply the equation for power
-Know how to apply the equation for work/energy
-apply the right hand rule
-draw magnetic field of a bar magnet
-Know how to apply the equation for voltage, cost, etc (that worksheet)

What is Elastic Potential Energy?

the potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed