Sports Medicine III Final

Bones that make up the ankle joint

Tibia, fibula, and talus

Main weight bearing bone of the lower leg

Tibia

Non-weight bearing bone of the lower leg

The fibula

Main weight bearing bone of the foot

Calcaneus

Tarsal bone of the medial side

Navicular

Tarsal bone on the lateral side

Cuboid

This forms the medial malleolus

Distal end of the tibia

Forms the lateral malleolus

Distal end of the fibula

What aspect of tibia lacks muscle protection?

Medial aspect

Bones that are labeled medial to lateral 1,2,3

Cuneiforms

Tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus do what movement?

Dorsiflexion

Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus brevis, and peroneus longus do what movement?

Plantar Flexion

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus do what movements?

Inversion

Peroneus Tertius, peroneus brevis, peroneus longus(note that the peroneus’ are listed from shortest to longest), and extensor digitorum longus do what movement?

Eversion

Anterior talofibular ligament connects what two bones?

Talus to the fibula(anterior aspect)

Special test for injury to the ATFL(anterior talofibular ligament)

Anterior Drawer

Calcaneofibular ligament is strictly injured by what movement?

Inversion of the ankle

Special test for injury to the CFL(calcaneofibular ligament)

Talar tilt

Special test for injury to the PTFL(posterior talofibular ligament)

Posterior Drawer

Medial side of the ankle is made up of what ligament

Deltoid ligament

Special test used for injury of the deltoid ligament

Talar tilt

What two ligaments make up the syndesmotic(high) ankle ligaments?

Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

What two motions are the main MOI for a lateral ankle sprain?

Excessive inversion with plantar flexion

What special test is used to rule out fracture?

Squeeze or bump test

Hearing or feeling a crunching sound during palpitations

Crepitus

Medial tibial stress syndrome is also called…

shin splints.

The four grades of shin splints are…

1. Hurts after exercise

2. Hurts during and after exercise

3. Hurts before, during and after exercise

4. Hurts to the point you can’t compete

Fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal indicates what injury?

Jones fracture

Anterior compartment syndrome may require a surgery called…

fasciotomy.

The components of the anterior compartment are..

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, deep peroneal nerve, and the anterior tibial artery.

The medial meniscus in the knee is ____ shaped and the lateral meniscus in the knee is ____ shaped.

“C” shaped and “O” shaped

Anterior Cruciate Ligament(ACL) prevents what movement?

Prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward in relation to the femur.

Special test for ACL injury are…

Anterior drawer, lachman’s, and lever sign.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament(PCL) prevents what movement?

Keeps the tibia from sliding too far back in relation to the femur.

Special tests for PCL injury are…

Posterior drawer and sag sign.

Medial Collateral Ligament(MCL) prevents what force?

Prevents valgus forces(direct blow to the lateral side of the knee) and external rotation.

Special test for MCL injury is…

Valgus stress test

Lateral Collateral Ligament(LCL) prevents what force?

Prevents varus forces(blow to the medial side of the knee)

Special test for LCL injury is…

Varus stress test

Quadricep muscle group does what movement with relation to the knee?

Extends the knee

The quadricep muscles are..

Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius(can’t palpate), and rectus femoris.

Hamstring muscle group does what movement in relation to the knee?

Flexes the knee

The hamstring muscles are…

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.

The unhappy triad consists of the…

the MCL, medial meniscus, and the ACL

What kind of injury is common in snow skiing?

LCL injury.

What meniscus is injured more frequently?

The medial meniscus

Meniscus injuries usually need surgery because of the lack of…

blood supply.

The term for the surgery of the removal of the meniscus is called…

a meniscectomy.

A patella is usually dislocated in what direction?

Laterally

To relocate the knee, slowly extend the leg while…

pushing medially on the patella.

Predispositions for patellar dislocations include…

Wide pelvis, genu valgum, increased Q angle, shallow femoral grooves, flat lateral femoral condyles, high-riding and flat patellas, and vastus medialis/ligamentous laxity.(Note that you only need to know genu valgum and two others)

What’s the term for softening of the articular cartilage on the underside of the patella?

Chondromalacia

This disease presents an apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Patella tendonitis is also called…

Jumper’s Knee

Patella tendonitis can lead to…

patella tendon degeneration.

A patella tendon rupture is characterized as…

the patella being in the thigh, and the athlete cannot extend the knee.

What is cranial nerve II? What does it do?

Cranial nerve II is the optic nerve. It helps with visual acuity. It’s classified as a sensory nerve.

What is cranial nerve VIII? What does it do?

Cranial nerve VIII is the vestibulocochlear nerve. It helps with hearing and equilibrium. It is is classified as a sensory nerve.

What is the minimum time that an athlete will more than likely have to stay out of the sport for after a concussion?

1 week.

What is the type of amnesia that is characterized by not remembering things after the injury?

Anterograde Amnesia

What is the type of amnesia that is characterized by not remembering what happened before the injury?

Retrograde Amnesia

A progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes with a history of repetitive brain trauma caused by concussive or subconcussive hits to the head is called…

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy or CTE.

A nosebleed is called…

epistaxis.

Poor fitting teeth is a sign of…and is called…

a mandibular fracture…loss of normal occlusion.

Double vision is called…

diplopia.

What is cauliflower ear called? What is it?

hematoma auris. It’s fluid accumulation in the ear after trauma to the auricle(outer ear) tears away overlying tissue from the cartilage.(may not need to know the “What is it?” part)

What is swimmer’s ear called? What is it?

Otitis externa. It is an infection caused by bacteria growth in the ear canal. Water is then trapped in the ear canal.

The eardrum is also called the…

tympanic membrane.

What is pink eye called? What is it?

Acute conjunctivitis. It is the infection of the conjunctiva of the eye.

A sensitivity to light is called…

photophobia.

A scratch on the eye is called…

a corneal abrasion.

The shoulder joint(glenohumeral joint) is a…

ball and socket joint.

Which bone in the shoulder is S-shaped and has no muscle protection?

The clavicle.

The AC joint is where what two bones connect?

The distal end of the clavicle and the acromion process.

What muscle in the rotator cuff does abduction?

The supraspinatus.

The infraspinatus(part of the rotator cuff muscles) does what movement?

External rotation.

What rotator cuff muscle does external rotation?

Teres minor.

The subscapularis(part of the rotator cuff muscles) does what movement?

Internal rotation.

The clavicular fracture is one of the _____ common fractures in sports.

“most”

Someone with a clavicular fracture should be in a sling for how long?

6-8 weeks.

A Grade 1 acromioclavicular(AC) sprain should be in a sling for how long?

3-4 days.

9 out of 10 shoulder dislocations will dislocate in which direction?

Anteriorly.

You can palpate the head of the humerus in the…

axilla(arm pit).

The structures involved in a shoulder impingement are the…

supraspinatus tendon, subacromial bursa, and the biceps tendon.

Diagram of Shoulder Anatomy